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Input Device Definition: A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a computer is called an input device. For example keyboard, mouse, etc. Output Device Definition: Apiece of equipment/hardware which gives out the result of the entered input, once it is processed (ie. converts dat...

Input Device Definition: A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a computer is called an input device. For example keyboard, mouse, etc. Output Device Definition: Apiece of equipment/hardware which gives out the result of the entered input, once it is processed (ie. converts data fronm machine language to a human-understandable language), is called an output device. For example printer, monitor, etc. List of InputDevices Given below is the list of the most common input devices along with brief information about each of them. 1. Keyboard "A simple device comprising keys and each key denotes either an alphabet, number or number commands which can be given to a computer for various actions to be performed " It has amodified version of typewriter keys " The keyboard is an essential input device and computer and laptops both use keyboards to give commands to the computer 2. MOuse " It is also known as a pointing device " Using mouse we can directlBy click on the various icons present on the system and open up various files and programs " A mouse comprises 3 buttons on the top and one trackball at the bottom which helps in selecting and moving the mouse around, respectively " In case of laptops, the touchpad is given as a replacement of the mouse which helps in the movement of the mouse pointer 3. Joy Stick " It is a device which comprises a stick which is attached at an angle to the base so that it can be moved and controlled " Mostly used to control the movement in video games " Apart from a computer system, a joystick is also used in the cockpit of an aeroplane, wheelchairs, cranes, trucks, etc. to operate them well 4. Light Pen " It is a wand-like looking device which can directly be moved over the device's screen " It is light-sensitive " Used in conjunction with computer's cathode ray tube 5. Microphone " Using amicrophone, sound can be stored in a device in its digital form " It converts sound into an electrical signal " To record or reproduce a sound created using a microphone, it needs to be connected with an amplifier 6. Scanner " This device can scan images or text and convert it into a digital signal " When we place any piece of a document on a scanner, it converts it into a digital signal and displays it on the computer screen 7. Barcode Reader " It is a kind of an optical scanner " It can read bar codes " A source of light is passed through a bar code, List of Output Device The commonly used output devices have been listed below with a brief summnary of what their function is and how they can be used. 1. Monitor " The device which displays all the icons, text, images, etc. over a screen is called the Monitor " When we ask the computer to perform an action, the result of that action is displayed on the monitor " Various types of monitors have also been developed over the years 2. Printer "A device which makes a copy of the pictorial or textual content, usually over a paper is called a printer " For example, an author types the entire book on his/her computer and later gets a print out of it, which is in the form of paper and is later published " Multiple types of printers are also available in the market, which can serve different purposes 3. Speakers " A device through which we can listen to a sound as an outcome of what we command a computer to do is called a speaker Speakers are attached with a computer system and also are a hardware device which can be attached separately " With the advancement in technology, speakers are now available which are wireless and can be connected using BlueTooth or other applications 4. Projector An optical device which presents an image or moving images onto a projection screen is called a projector " Most commonly these projectors are used in auditoriums and movie theatres for the display of the videos or lighting " If aprojector is connected to a computer, then the image/video displayed on the screen is the same as the one displayed on the computer screen 5. Headphones They perform the same function as a speaker, the only difference is the frequency of sound " Using speakers, the sound can be heard over a larger area and using headphones, the sound is only audible to the person using them " Also known as earphones or headset What is a Software? By definition, software (also abbreviated as an SW or S/W) is a collection of data, programs, procedures, instructions, and documentation that perform various predefined tasks on a computer system. It enables users to interact with the computer. The software in a computer system is any program, script, or application running on it. It includes libraries, programs, and corresponding non executable data, such as digital media and online documentation. Computer hardware and software need each other, and neither of them can work independently. The amalgamation of the hardware and the software gives control and flexibility to modern-day computing systems. Without them, computers would be of no use. For instance, without your web browser's help, you cannot surf the Internet. Similarly, no application can run on your computer without an operating system. Today, we carry out various day-to-day activities using different types of software, such as a payment app, Google Maps, an instant communication app, online food ordering app, online shopping, etc. Different Types of Software As mentioned above, there are two major software types in computer systems - System Software and Application Software. 1. System Software It aids a user and the hardware to function and interact with each other. Basically, it is software to manage computer hardware behavior to provide basic functionalities to users. Simply put, the system software is an intermediator or a middle layer between the user and the hardware. It sanctions a platform or environment for the other software to work in. This is the reason why it is very important in managing the entire computer system. When you first turn on the computer, it is the system software that gets initialized and loaded into the memory of the system. It runs in the background and is not used by the end users. Hence, this type of software is also known as 'low-level software'. Microsoft WindowsP Windows Vista 2007 - 20O08 WindowS7 Examples of System Software Operating System It is the most basic example of the system software used in every computing device. It is a collection of software that handles resources and provides general services for the other applications that run on a specific system. Although each operating system is different, most provide a graphical user interface (GUI) through which you can manage files and folders and perform other tasks. Every device, whether a desktop, laptop, or mobile phone, requires an operating system to provide its basic functionality. As an OS essentially determines how a user interacts with the system, many users prefer to use one specific OS for their device. There are various types of operating systems,such as real-time, embedded, distributed, multiuser, single-user, internet, mobile, and many more. It is important to consider the hardware specifications before choosing an operating system. Some examples of operating systems are:. Androjd.Centos " iOS. Linux. Mac OS. MS Windows.Ubuntu " Unix Device Drivers It is a type of software that controls particular hardware attached to the system. Hardware devices that need a driver to connect to a system include displays, sound cards, printers, mouse, and hard disks. Further, there are two types of device drivers: Kernel Device Drivers and User Device Drivers. Some examples of device drivers are:. BIOS Driver. Display Drivers. Motherboard Drivers. Printer Drivers.ROM Drivers. Sound card Driver " USB Drivers.USB Drivers.VGA Drivers. VGA Drivers.Virtual Device Drivers Firmware Firmware is permanent software embedded into a read-only memory. It is a set of instructions permanently stored on a hardware device. It provides essential information regarding how the device interacts with other hardware. Firmware can be considered as 'semi-permanent' as it remains permanent unless it is updated using a firmware updater. Some examples of firmware are:.BIOS.Computer Peripherals.Consumer Applications " Embedded Systems. UEFI Programming Language Translators These are mediator programs on which software programs rely to translate high-level language code to simpler machine-level code. Besides simplifying the code, the translators also do the following:. Assign data storage "Enlist source code as well as program details. Offer diagnostic reports " Rectify system errors during the runtime Examples of Programming Language Translators are interpreters, compilers, and assemblers. Utility Utility software is designed to aid in analyzing, optimizing, configuring, and maintaining a computer system. It supports the computer infrastructure. They focus on how an OS functions and then accordingly decide their trajectory to smoothen the system's functioning. Antiviruses, disk cleanup &managemernt tools, compression tools, defragmenters, etc., are all utility tools. Some examples of utility tools are:. Avast Antivirus. Directory Opus. MCAfee Antivirus. Piriform CCleaner. Razer Cortex. Windows File Explorer. WinRAR. WinZip 2. Application Software Application Software, also known as end-user programs or productivity programs, help the user in completing tasks such as doing online research, jotting down notes, setting the alarm, designing graphics, keeping an account log, doing calculations, or even playing games. They lie above the system software. End users them for a specific purpose or task. For example, a browser is an application designed specifically for browsing the internet and MS Powerpoint is used for creating presentations. Application Software or simply apps can also be referred to as non essential software as their requirement is highly subjective, and their absence does not affect the system's functioning. The apps we see on our mobile phones are also examples of Application Software. Certain software is exclusively made for app development, like Meteor and Flutter. These are examples of Application software too. Types of Application Software Word Processors These applications help youcreate documents where you can write and edit anything. Along with that, it also helps in storing, formatting, and printing documents. Some examples of word processors are: 1. Abiword 2. Apple iWork- Pages 3. Corel WordPerfect 4. Google Docs C M IAor Database Software A database management system is an application software to create and manage databases. They help with the organization of data. Some examples of DBMS are: 1. Clipper 2. dBase 3. FileMaker 4. FoxPro 5. MS ACcess 6. MySQL Multimedia Software It is the software that is able to play, create or record images, audio or video files. They are used for video editing, animation, graphics, and image editing, Some examples of Multimedia Software are:.Adobe Photoshop. Inkscape. Media Monkey. Picasa. VLC Media Player " Windows Media Player. Windows Movie Maker Education and Reference Software These types of software are specifically designed to facilitate learning on a particular subiect. There are various kinds of tutorial software that fall under this category. They are also termed as an academic software. Some examples are:.Delta Drawing.GCompris " Jumpstart titles. KidPix. MindPlay. Tux Paint Graphics Software As the name suggests, Graphics Software has been devised to work with graphics as it helps the user to edit or make changes in visual data or images. It comprises of picture editors and illustration software. Some examples are: " Adobe Photoshop.Autodesk Maya " Blender.Carrara "CorelDRAW.GIMP. Modo. PaintShop Pro Web Browsers Web browsers help us browse the internet. They help the user retrieve data across the web. Some examples of web browsers are: 1. Google Chrome 2. Internet Explorer 3. Microsoft Edge 4. Mozilla Firefox 5.Opera System Software vs Application Software Let us now dive deeper into the differences between system software and application software. System Software Application Software Makes all other software (application Developed for a specific task. software) work well on the system and maintains system resources. Uses low-level programming Uses high-level programming languages for development. languages for development. The system cannot run without this There is no necessity to have type of software. application software. The system can run without it. Starts running when the system turns Starts and stops based on user on and stops after the system shuts requests. down. Developing system software is a Developing application software complex process. is not complex. Serves as an interface between the Serves as an intermediary hardware and end users. between the computer and end users. Runs independently. Requires system software to run. Examples: Operating systems, device Examples: Word processors, web drivers, firmware, programming browsers, database language translators, and utility management systems, graphics programs. software, etc. The Importance of Computer Networking Communication is the bond that holds us all together and keeps our day-to-day operations running smoothly. The foundation of good communication is information. In today's age, computer networking has become a critical means of information interchange between people. A computer network is an interconnection between computers. We may also say that a computer network is a group of computers connected in such a way that one computer can interact with another computer. How does a computer network Work? Computer netWorks are built on specialized hardware, such as switches, routers, and access points. Computers, printers, servers, and other networked devices are connected and secured via access points, known as switches, which allow devices to connect to the network without wires for IT services. Routers are the hubs and dispatchers that link networks together. Sending information over a network is made more accessible by these devices. Using a router, you can protect your personal and corporate data from outside dangers. MAC and IP addresses are unique identifiers for network devices and connections. The device manufacturer assigns a unique number to each device's network interface card (NIC), known as its MAC address. Similarly, a network connection is identified by its IP address. Importance of computer networking For various reasons, an IT company, organization, or person might benefit significantly from networking. Some of the advantages are described as follows: v Cost savings You can save money and make the most of your resources through computer networks. In technology, hardware is the most expensive resource. Your hardware expenditure is significantly reduced by usinga computer network. V Boost storage capacity and volume Computer netWorks use a central data storage server to store all their data. Only your staff will have access to this information. You may utilize the report to learn more about how to make your organization more productive. The amount of storage servers required is reduced when using a central server. AS a bonus, your business will also run more efficiently. V optimize convenience and flexibility Flexible business operations are made possible via computer networks. Any authorized device connected to the network may be used to access the business data. This allows your employees more freedom to work on their assigned tasks at any timne and from any location with network or internet access. V Streamline the exchange of ideas Computer networking has had a significant positive impact on the landscape of communication. Text messages and data may be sent and received through networking. You may obtain the information you require by using any device. An internet connection is all you need. For instance, even if your smartphone crashes, you may still access your data by logging in from another device.  Acomputer network can be categorized by their size. Acomputer network is mainly of four types: Types Of Computer LAN(LOcal Area Network) Network PAN(Personal Area Network) MAN(Metropolitan Area LAN MAN WAN PAN Network) oWAN(Wide Area Network) LAN(LOcal AreaNetwork) oLocal Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such building, office. o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through acommunication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc. o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables. The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network. oLocal Area Network provides higher security. LAN PAN(Personal Area Network) Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10meters. oPersonal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area Network. o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bringthe idea of the Personal Area Network. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) o A metropolitan area network is a network that COvers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network. oGovernment agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries. oIn MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line. The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS 232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc. o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN). Metropolitan Area Network Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network: MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city. oIt can be used in an Airline Reservation. o It can be used in acollege within a city. oIt can also be used for communication in the military. WAN(Wide Area Network) oA Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or cOuntries. oA Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN. o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over alarge geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links. o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world. o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business,government, and education. Workstatlon Server Workstation WAN Server Workstation Server Examples Of Wide Area Network: o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country. Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customners in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with fiber. o Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company. Define Internet and its Applications. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (Www) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. Applications : 1. Search engine: It can be used to search anything and everything. Most popular search engines are google and yahoo searches. 2. Shopping: Shopping has become easier with the advent of internet. You can buy or sell online. 3. Communication: This is a major role of the internet. It helps people to communicate either with the use of social networking websites or through e mails. Even chatting is a major use of the internet. 4. Job search: Nowadays, many people search for their jobs online as it is quicker and there is a larger variety of job vacancies present. 5. Hobbies: Those who are having certain hobbies can try to improve on it by reading up on many aspects of their hobby. 6. Research: Research papers are present online which helps in the researcher doing literature review. 7. Studying: Now right from kinder garden children are exposed to internet and computers. They find many useful things to learn on the internet(though with supervision). Upto doctorate level education, people rely on internet for their education. Online educational books have even reduced the need fora library. Network devices or networking hardware are the physical devices that are used for establishing Connections and facilating interaction between different devices in a computer network. Hub Hubs work in the physical layer of the OSI model. A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices and making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple inputs and output ports in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming port. A hub can be used with both digital and analog data. Hubs do not perform packet filtering or addressing function, they send the data packets to all the connected devices. Types of Hub - Active Hub Passive Hub Intelligent Hub Repeater Arepeater operates at the physical layer of the oSI model. A Repeater connects two segments of a network cable. Sometimes it regenerates the signals to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other segment. If the signal becomes weak, it can copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength. " It is a 2-port device. Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and become acertified expert toboost your career. Bridge Abridge operates at the data link layer of the 0SI model. It can read only the outmost hardware address of the packet but cannot read the IP address. It reads the outmost section of the data packet to tell where the message is going. It reduces the traffic on other network segments. It does not send all the packets. So, abridge can be programmed to reject packets from a particular network. Switch Switches may operate at one or more layers of the OSI model. They may operate in the data link layer and network layer; a device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is known as a multilayer Switch. A Switch can check the errors before forwarding the data, which makes it more efficient and improves its performance. A switch is the better version of a hub. It is amulti-port bridge device. Router Routers are small physical devices that operate at the network layer to join multiple networks together. A router is a device like a switch that routes datapackets based on their IP addresses. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routingtable based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets. ARouter divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.  Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination code. Routers may also be used to connect two or more logical groups of computer devices known as subnets, each with a different subnetwork address. The subnet addresses recorded in a router do not necessarily map directly tothe physical interface connections. Two types of routers - Static routers - Static routers are configured manualy and route data packets based on the information in a router table. Dynamic routers Dynamic routers use adaptive routing which is a process where a router can forward data bya different route. Gateway Agateway is an internetworking capable of joining together two networks that use different base protocols. A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, hardware, or combination of both, depending on the types of protocols they support. Anetwork gateway can operate at any level of the 0SI model. A broadband router typically serves as the network gateway, although ordinary computers can also be configured to perform equivalent functions. Agateway is a router or proxy server that routes between networks. A gateway belongs to the same subnet to which the PC belongs.