Commerce Project Sem III PDF
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This is a commerce project report analyzing production and distribution of a product, specifically Whisper sanitary napkins. It discusses factors of production, various production systems ( job shop, batch, mass), and includes an index of the various sections.
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MAIN TOPIC: SURVEY ON PRODUCTION PROCESS & DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS SELECTED PRODUCT: WHISPER 1 DETAILS SR NO. NAME...
MAIN TOPIC: SURVEY ON PRODUCTION PROCESS & DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS SELECTED PRODUCT: WHISPER 1 DETAILS SR NO. NAME ROLL CALL 1. JANVI SANJU CHOKHANDRE SC16 2. SANYA SURENDRA KADNE SC46 3. MADHURI SURESH PARAB SC73 4. SHRAVANI SURESH PARAB SC74 5. UPASANA NAGENDRA SHARMA SC105 CLASS: SYBCOM DIVISION: A 2 ABSTRACT anitary napkins, or sanitary pads, are thin pads made of absorbent materials. They play a vital role in S feminine hygiene as they soak the menstrual fluid during menstruation. A sanitary napkin contains four functional components including fluid acquisition layer, distribution component, absorbent structure and liquid impervious membrane. These napkins can be found in different sizes and shapes with varying capacities of absorption. In India, the increasing awareness about menstrual hygiene is supporting the demand for sanitary napkins. Moreover, the utilization of high-quality and environment-friendly raw materials to produce these pads is further providing an impetus to the growth of the market. he sanitary napkin market is very competitive in India, with many brands available. In this research, T one of the leading brands of sanitary napkins, namely Procter and Gamble's Whisper, is studied. These brands provide similar product models to consumers, such as panty liner, tube, wing, extra-thin and night. It is of crucial importance for marketers to understand how consumers evaluate the product and their brands. The current study applies the ideal-point model to see what the ideal brand looks like and how far this brand is from the ideal. he target group of this whisper is the entry users of sanitary napkins. They are of strategic importance T to the marketer because the entry users who have a positive attitude toward the brand may eventually turn into loyal users of the brand in the future. Besides, the attitudes toward the brand held by the entry users may not be very strong, and therefore, it is still feasible for the marketer to change any unfavorable attitudes held. ver the past few years, the Government of India has started partnering with several private entities and O non-governmental organizations to take initiatives for popularizing the use of sanitary napkins, particularly among the underprivileged and rural women. Owing to this, manufacturers can directly target the female audience and, in turn, influence their purchasing behavior. That’s how Whisper became the first brand to show a sanitary pad in a commercial, first to mention the word ‘periods’ in advertising and the first brand to show how the product works in an advertisement. Over the next 20 years, they focused on two things: awareness and access. They launched a school education program and this program is still going strong with 60 lakh girls being educated each year across the country. 3 INDEX SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1. Introduction 5 - 15 2. Functions of Production Process 16 - 24 3. Selection of Goods 25 - 28 4. Introduction of Selected Goods 29 - 34 5. Process of Production of Selected Goods 35 - 53 6. Distribution Process of Goods 54 - 64 7. Survey 65 - 68 8. Conclusion 69 9. Suggestion 70 -71 10. Reference 72 4 INTRODUCTION P roduction & Production Process CONCEPT OF PRODUCTION roduction function is that part of an organization, which is concerned with the transformation of a range P of inputs into the required outputs (products) having the requisite quality level. roduction is defined as “the step-by-step conversion of one form of material into another form through P chemical or mechanical process to create or enhance the utility of the product to the user.” Thus production is a value addition process. At each stage of processing, there will be value addition. Edwood Buffa defines production as ‘a process by which goods and services are created’. ome examples of production are: manufacturing custom-made products like, boilers with a specific S capacity, constructing flats, some structural fabrication works for selected customers, etc., and manufacturing standardized products like, car, bus, motorcycle, radio, television, etc. Schematic production system FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 1 ) Land: ‘Land’ in Economics is a wide term. It is a natural factor of production. Any natural resource that is available on, above and below the surface of the earth is called ‘land’ in Economics, e.g. minerals 5 hich are found below the surface of the earth; soil, water on the surface of the earth; air, sunshine, w wind are above the surface of the earth. Land earns ‘rent’ in productive activity. 2 ) Labour: Labour is a human factor of production. Any physical or mental effort undergone during the process of production to earn the reward of 'wages' is called ‘labor’, e.g. carpenter, accountant, engineer etc. 3 ) Capital: Capital is a produced means for further production. It is a man-made factor of production which earns the reward in the form of ‘interest’, e.g. machinery, technology, factory building etc. 4 ) Entrepreneur: Entrepreneur is the organizer who is a real captain of the industry. He is a special kind of labor who gets the work done to earn the reward of ‘profit’ in the process of production. P RODUCTION SYSTEM he production system of an organization is that part, which produces products of an organization. It is T that activity whereby resources, flowing within a defined system, are combined and transformed in a controlled manner to add value in accordance with the policies communicated by management. A simplified production system is shown above. (Schematic production system) The production system has the following characteristics: 1. Production is an organized activity, so every production system has an objective. 2. The system transforms the various inputs to useful outputs. 3. It does not operate in isolation from the other organization system. 4. There exists a feedback about the activities, which is essential to control and improve system Classification Of Production System Production systems can be classified as Job Shop, Batch, Mass and Continuous Production systems. 6 Classification of production systems J OB SHOP PRODUCTION J ob shop production is characterized by manufacturing one or few quantities of products designed and produced as per the specification of customers within prefixed time and cost. The distinguishing feature of this is low volume and high variety of products. A job shop comprises general purpose machines arranged into different departments. Each job demands unique technological requirements, demands processing on machines in a certain sequence. Characteristics The Job-shop production system is followed when there is: 1. High variety of products and low volume. 2. Use of general purpose machines and facilities. 3. Highly skilled operators who can take up each job as a challenge because of uniqueness. 4. Large inventory of materials, tools, parts. 5. Detailed planning is essential for sequencing the requirements of each product, capacities for each work center and order priorities. Advantages Following are the advantages of job shop production: 1. Because of general purpose machines and facilities, a variety of products can be produced. 2. Operators will become more skilled and competent, as each job gives them learning opportunities. 7 3. Full potential of operators can be utilized. 4. Opportunity exists for creative methods and innovative ideas. Limitations Following are the limitations of job shop production: 1. Higher cost due to frequent set up changes. 2. Higher level of inventory at all levels and hence higher inventory cost. 3. Production planning is complicated. 4. Larger space requirements. BATCH PRODUCTION atch production is defined by American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS) “as a B form of manufacturing in which the job passes through the functional departments in lots or batches and each lot may have a different routing.” It is characterized by the manufacture of a limited number of products produced at regular intervals and stocked awaiting sales. Characteristics Batch production system is used under the following circumstances: 1. When there are shorter production runs. 2. When plants and machinery are flexible. 3. When plant and machinery set up is used for the production of items in a batch and change of set up is required for processing the next batch. 4. When manufacturing lead time and cost are lower as compared to job order production. Advantages Following are the advantages of batch production: 1. Better utilization of plants and machinery. 2. Promotes functional specialization. 8 3. Cost per unit is lower as compared to job order production. 4. Lower investment in plant and machinery. 5. Flexibility to accommodate and process a number of products. 6. Job satisfaction exists for operators. Limitations Following are the limitations of batch production: 1. Material handling is complex because of irregular and longer flows. 2. Production planning and control is complex. 3. Work in process inventory is higher compared to continuous production. 4. Higher set up costs due to frequent changes in set up. MASS PRODUCTION anufacture of discrete parts or assemblies using a continuous process are called mass production. This M production system is justified by a very large volume of production. The machines are arranged in a line or product layout. Product and process standardization exists and all outputs follow the same path. Characteristics Mass production is used under the following circumstances: 1. Standardization of product and process sequence. 2. Dedicated special purpose machines having higher production capacities and output rates. 3. Large volume of products. 4. Shorter cycle time of production. 5. Lower in process inventory. 6. Perfectly balanced production lines. 7. Flow of materials, components and parts is continuous and without any back tracking. 8. Production planning and control is easy. 9 9. Material handling can be completely automatic. Advantages Following are the advantages of mass production: 1. Higher rate of production with reduced cycle time. 2. Higher capacity utilization due to line balancing. 3. Less skilled operators are required. 4. Low process inventory. 5. Manufacturing cost per unit is low. Limitations Following are the limitations of mass production: 1. Breakdown of one machine will stop an entire production line. 2. Line layout needs major change with the changes in the product design. 3. High investment in production facilities. 4. The cycle time is determined by the slowest operation . CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION roduction facilities are arranged as per the sequence of production operations from the first operations P to the finished product. The items are made to flow through the sequence of operations through material handling devices such as conveyors, transfer devices, etc. Characteristics Continuous production is used under the following circumstances: 1. Dedicated plant and equipment with zero flexibility. 2. Material handling is fully automated. 3. Process follows a predetermined sequence of operations. 10 4. Component materials cannot be readily identified with the final product. 5. Planning and scheduling is a routine action. Advantages Following are the advantages of continuous production: 1. Standardization of product and process sequence. 2. Higher rate of production with reduced cycle time. 3. Higher capacity utilization due to line balancing. 4. Manpower is not required for material handling as it is completely automatic. 5. People with limited skills can be used on the production line. 6. Unit cost is lower due to high volume of production. Limitations Following are the limitations of continuous production: 1. Flexibility to accommodate and process a number of products does not exist. 2. Very high investment for setting flow lines. 3. Product differentiation is limited. P RODUCTION MANAGEMENT roduction management is a process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of the P production function. It combines and transforms various resources used in the production subsystem of the organization into value-added products in a controlled manner as per the policies of the organization. .S. Buffa defines production management as, “Production management deals with decision making E related to production processes so that the resulting goods or services are produced according to specifications, in the amount and by the schedule demanded and out of minimum cost.” 11 Objectives of Production Management he objective of the production management is ‘to produce goods services of the right quality and T quantity at the right time and right manufacturing cost’. 1. Right Quality: The quality of product is established based upon the customer’s needs. The right quality is not necessarily the best quality. It is determined by the cost of the product and the technical characteristics as suited to the specific requirements. 2. Right Quantity: The manufacturing organization should produce the products in the right number. If they are produced in excess of demand the capital will block up in the form of inventory and if the quantity is produced in short of demand, leads to shortage of products. 3. Right Time: Timeliness of delivery is one of the important parameters to judge the effectiveness of the production department. So, the production department has to make the optimal utilization of input resources to achieve its objective. 4. Right Manufacturing Cost: Manufacturing costs are established before the product is actually manufactured. Hence, all attempts should be made to produce the products at pre-established cost, so as to reduce the variation between actual and the standard (pre-established) cost. 12 Distributor in the Market ‘ Trade’ means the process of exchange of goods and services. Trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services with an object of earning profit. Trade establishes a link between producers and consumers and it is carried out by buyers and sellers. Buying and selling of goods and services for money’s worth is a fundamental feature of trade and other is the transfer of ownership of goods and services from one person or entity to another. As there is a gap between production and consumption, there is a need to have a proper channel of distribution. The channel of distribution is very important in internal trade. Usually, producers are situated at one place whereas the consumers are scattered over a wide area. There is a big gap between producer and consumer. This gap can be shortened by channel of distribution. Channel of distribution helps to make products available at the right time, at the right place and in the right quantity through different intermediaries. CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION WHOLESALERS hen goods are purchased in large quantities from the manufacturer or producer for the purpose of resale to W retailers, it is known as wholesale trade. The person who is engaged in wholesale trade is known as a wholesaler. Wholesalers buy goods from manufacturers and sell it to retailers so the wholesaler is the buyer as well as seller. The Wholesaler may perform different functions in the process of distribution of goods and services. It enables the producers to reach the consumers. Definition: 1 ) According to Philip Kotler, “Wholesaling includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or for business use.” Features of Wholesaler: 1 ) A Wholesaler purchases goods from the producer in large quantities. 2) Wholesalers have to take risks in the process of distribution. 3) A Wholesaler deals with one or few types of goods. 4) A large amount of capital is required in this business. 5) A wholesaler maintains price stability by balancing supply and demand factors. 6) The manufacturers can get direct information about the market through wholesalers. 13 7 ) A Wholesaler sells the goods to the retailers as per their requirements. 8) A Wholesaler performs the marketing functions like assembling, warehousing, transporting, grading, packing, advertising and financing. RETAILERS hen goods are sold relatively in small quantities to the ultimate consumer by a wholesaler or distributor or dealer W is known as Retail Trade. The person who is engaged in retail trade is known as a retailer. In the market there is an existence of some sellers who are doing business at local level or within a limited area. Such sellers are providing goods directly to ultimate consumers at reasonable prices. Definition: 1 ) According to the Oxford Dictionary, “Retail is sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.” Features of Retailers: etailer is the link between the wholesaler and consumers who operate in local markets. He deals in a wide variety R of goods by investing limited capital. He establishes good relations with consumers. He undertakes less risk than a wholesaler than a wholesaler. He tries to satisfy demands of different consumers but does not hold large quantities of goods at a time. 1 ) Retailer is the link between the wholesaler and consumers. 2) He operates in local markets. 3) Retailers deal in a wide variety of goods in small quantities. 4) Investment requirements are limited. 5) Less risk and low amount of profit as compared to wholesalers. 14 Types of Retailers: I tinerant Retailer:Itinerant retailers are thoseretailers who do not have a fixed place or fixed shop for their business. Fixed Shop Retailer:Fixed shop retailers are thoseretailers who do not move from one place to another. They mostly have fixed places. They can further be classified into small scale fixed retailers and large scale fixed retailers. 1. Small scale fixed retailer:The Retailers who conducttheir business operations on a small scale and deal in a variety of goods are small scale shop retailers. They offer shopping convenience to the customers as they are situated in the same locality e.g. General stores, medical store, laundry, etc. 2. Large scale fixed Retailers:The retailers w h o conducttheir business operations on a large scale by investing huge capital, selling a variety of quality goods are large scale shop retailers. These retailers have come into existence because of urbanization. These are fixed shops located at different localities of the cities. F eatures 15 F UNCTIONS he success of every business organization is an outcome of effective and efficient management. The task which is T taken to achieve organizational goals is called management. Management is a set of principles which relate to the various functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling etc. which are helpful in achieving organizational goals. ccording to L. A. Allen, "Management is what a manager does". This definition focuses on the role of manager in A the firm of different functions. The functions of a manager start with planning and end with controlling. But every function is interrelated with other functions. They are inseparable in nature. Management functions concern all levels of management. Different management thinkers have classified functions of management differently . According to Henry Fayol, "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command and to control." Luther Gullick has given a keyword 'POSDCORB' for management functions where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting.Reporting and Budgeting functions are summarized in the function called as Controlling. A.P lanning eaning:Planning is the basic function of management.Every function of management is based on planning. It M includes deciding the things to be done in advance. Planning is an intellectual process of logical thinking and rational decision making. It focuses on the organization's objectives and develops various courses of action. Designing a proper planning and implementing accordingly is the key to achieving the objectives of an organization. In short, planning is a detailed programme of future courses of action. Definition:Following are some of the important definitionsof planning: 1 ) Koontz and O'Donnell: "Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to go; it makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur." 2 ) James Stoner: "Planning is the process of establishing goals and a suitable course of action for achieving these goals." 16 Importance of Planning: I t is the fundamental function which gives an outline about where to go, how to go and reduces the risk of an uncertain future with the help of forecasting. The importance of planning is as follows: 1 ) Helps to set clear objectives:Planning is concernedwith setting objectives, targets, and formulating plans to achieve them. It helps managers to analyze the present condition of the organization and on that basis to identify the ways of attaining the desired position in future. 2 ) Provides a path of action:Planning ensures thatthe goals or objectives are clearly stated. They act as a guide and they provide direction for doing the right things at the right time with the right way. It helps employees to know what the organization has to do and what they must do for achieving the goals. 3 ) Planning improves performance:It helps managersto improve future performances of employees by establishing objectives and selecting a course of action. It is beneficial for the organization. Planning leads to efficient working of the employees. Due to proper planning, the employees can work according to timely guidelines. This improvement in performance results in higher profitability of the organization. 4 ) Minimizes the risk:Planning is based on forecastingtechnique. It is the process of looking into the future and anticipating the future changes. By deciding in advance the tasks to be performed, planning shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events. Changes or risks cannot be eliminated totally but they can be anticipated and can be tackled with preventive measures. It minimizes the risk of the future or uncertainties of the future. 5 ) Planning leads to optimum utilization of resources:Organizational plans are prepared by taking into consideration the availability of resources and proper allocation of resources for various activities. It also facilitates optimum utilization of resources which brings higher efficiency and better results. One can avoid wastage of resources by proper planning. 6 ) Helps in decision making:There are various alternativesin front of the management. For achieving goals planning helps the management to select the best alternative by considering all positive and negative outcomes of all the alternatives. Decisions are taken after selecting alternative courses of action to achieve a predefined goal. It helps the manager to make rational decisions. I n short, planning plays a vital role in every walk of life of an organization as well as of an individual. Future is highly uncertain and the business environment is changing. With the help of proper planning, the risks and uncertainties can be minimized definitely. Hence, planning is the basic requirement of any organization for the survival, growth and success. 17 B. Organising eaning:Organizing is the process of identifying,bringing the required resources together such as men, money, M material, machine and method, grouping and arranging them properly for achieving the objectives. In planning, the management decides what is to be done in future whereas the organizing function decides the ways and means to achieve what has been planned. This function decides the ways and means to achieve what has been planned. This function is important for execution of the plans which have been prepared by top level management people. The synchronization and combination of workforce, physical, financial and information resources are established in the process of organizing. efinitions: The term 'organization' is used to denotethe structure. It is a unit or a group of people who come D together to achieve a common goal whereas 'organizing' is a process and a function. Some of the definitions are as follows: 1 ) Mooney and Railey: "Organization is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose." 2 ) Koontz and O'Donnell: "Organization involves the grouping of activities necessary to accomplish goals and plans, the assignment of these activities to appropriate departments and the provision of authority, delegation and coordination." Importance of Organising: rganizing is concerned with grouping and assigning the organizational activities among different departments and O workforce. The importance of organizing can be stated as follows: 1 ) Facilitates Administration as well as Operation:Organizing process leads to identifying and to group the activities. Grouping and assigning the activities is the task of administration whereas processing according to it is operational activity. Thus, organizing facilitates administration as well as operation of the organization. Due to proper grouping of the tasks and the employees, there is increase in production and reduction in wastage. Duplication of work is restricted and effective delegation becomes possible. 2 ) Brings Specialization:Organizational structureis a network of relationships in which the work is divided into units and departments. This division of work helps in bringing specialization in various activities of organization. Specialization in activities leads to increase in organizational efficiency. 3 ) Define the Jobs Properly:Organizational structure helps in putting right men on the right job which can be done by selecting people for various departments according to their qualification, skill and experience. This is helping in defining the jobs properly which clarifies the role of every person. 18 4 ) Clarifies Authority and Responsibility:Organizational structure defines the role of every manager. This can be done by delegating the authority to every manager and clarifying the way he has to exercise those powers. So that misuse of powers does not take place. Well defined jobs and responsibilities help in bringing efficiency into managers working. This helps in increasing productivity . 5) Establishes Coordination:This function helps inestablishing coordination among different departments of organization. It creates clear cut relationships among positions and ensures mutual cooperation among individuals. Coordination or synchronization between all departments and different levels of managers is important for smooth functioning of organizational activities. 6 ) Helpful for Growth and Diversification:The growthof every organization depends on its smooth and efficient functioning. Clearly defined roles and responsibilities, coordination among all levels of management personnel and use of appropriate control techniques bring efficiency at the workplace and organization grows well. This is possible only when the organization structure is well- defined. C. Staffing eaning: Staffing is the function of execution accordingto plan and organizational structure. It is the process of M attracting, recruiting, selecting, placing, appraising, remunerating, developing and retaining the best workforce. Overall growth and success of every venture is based on appropriateness of staffing function. It is very challenging for organizations to focus on best utilization of the workforce by using their talents and skills, retaining them and arranging training and development programmes. The function emphasizes managing human and not material or financial resources. The need for staffing arises since the initial period of organization. Due to promotion, transfer, business expansion, retirement, resignation, accidents, death of employees etc. vacancies are created in organization. In this context, staffing functions play a very important role in organization. Right person at the right job with the right pay is the basic principle of staffing. Definitions:Following are some of the important definitionsof staffing: 1 ) Luther Gullick: "Staffing is the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work." 2 ) SS. Benjamin: "Staffing is the process involved in identifying, assessing, placing, evaluating and directing individuals at work." Importance of Staffing: 1 ) Effective Managerial Function:Staffing is thekey to effective performance of other functions of management such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling. Competent workforce can work effectively in different 19 functional areas like production, sales, finance etc. The outcome of other functions is based on the effectiveness of staffing. 2 ) Leads to Effective Utilization of Human Resources:Staffing function leads to effective utilization of human resources i.e. workforce. Proper care is taken at every stage such as recruitment, selection, placement, remuneration, training, development etc. Excessive burden of work is avoided. Optimum utilization of human resources results in improvement in performances and progress of organization. 3) Build Cordial Relationship:This function is helpfulin building healthy relationships among all levels of employees in the organization. A smooth human relation is the key to better communication and coordination of managerial efforts in an organization. 4 ) Helps Human Resource Development:Skilled and experiencedemployees are an asset of a business organization. Staffing helps to inculcate the organizational culture into employees. It trains and develops the existing workforce. It also ensures smooth functioning of all the managerial aspects of the business organization 5 ) Helps in Effective use of Technology and Other Resources:Trained employees can use the latest technology, capital, material and methods of work effectively. It helps in building the competitive strength of the organization. It is also helpful in improving standard of work and productivity in terms of quality and quantity. 6 ) Improves Efficiency:Training and development programmesare offered to the employees for self-development and organizational development. Through proper selection, the organization gets quality employees and through proper training the performance level of the employees can be improved. D. Directing eaning:Directing is the soul of management function.It is the process of instructing, guiding, communicating, M inspiring, motivating and supervising the employees to achieve predetermined goals of an organization. Direction is a continuous function initiated at top level and flows to the lower level through organizational hierarchy. It is a continuous managerial process that goes on throughout the tenure of the organization. Director is the person who shows the correct path as well as guides the employees in solving the problems wherever necessary. A few philosophers called direction as "Life Spark of an Enterprise". Definitions:Following are some of the important definitionsof directing: 1 ) Theo Haimann:"Direction consists of the processand techniques utilized in issuing instructions and making certain that operations are carried out as planned." 2 ) Ernest Dale:"Directing is what has to be done and in what manner through dictating the procedures and policies for accomplishing performance standards". 20 Importance of Directing: irecting refers to a process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring, counseling, overseeing and leading D people towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. Supervision is an integral part of direction function. The director supervises employees by observations, examining the reports and behavior of employees. On the basis of the above definitions, the importance of directing can be stated as follows: 1 ) Initiates Action:Direction is the function whichsupports the plans with the help of employees. Every action is initiated through a timely direction. Proper instructions are given to subordinates while completing their assigned task. The managers direct the subordinates about what to do, how to do, when to do and also to see that their instructions are properly followed. 2 ) Integrate Efforts:Communication is one of theelements of direction. It helps in integrating the efforts of all the employees and departments which results in achievement of organizational goals. Integration of efforts is possible through persuasive leadership and effective communication towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. 3 ) Means of Motivation:While directing the subordinates,their opinions are also considered. A manager identifies the potential and abilities of its subordinates and helps them to give their best. He also motivates them by offering them financial and non-financial incentives to improve their performance. It boosts the morale of subordinates. 4) Provides Stability:Stability plays a significantrole in the growth and survival of the organization. Effective leadership, communication, supervision and motivation develop co-operation and commitment among the employees. It provides stability and creates balance among various departments and groups. 5 ) Effective Utilization of Resources:Direction involvesassigning duties and responsibilities to everyone. Proper instructions and systems are developed to avoid wastages, duplication of efforts etc. Subordinates are guided to utilize the resources i.e. men, machine, materials, and money in the maximum possible way. It helps in reducing costs and increasing profits. 6 ) Creates Team Spirit:Direction focuses on motivatingthe subordinates for group efforts. Group efforts or team spirit plays a vital role in the success of an organization than individual efforts. Therefore, the role of manager as a director plays a very important role in guiding and motivating the employees to achieve the predetermined goals. hus, Directing to subordinates is a basic management function that includes building an effective work climate T through motivation. E. Co-ordinating eaning: Coordination between different functionsand all levels of employee is the essence of organization M success. It is an integration of different activities: which is essential for their smooth flow. It establishes harmony 21 a mong all the activities of an organization in achieving desired goals. In an organization, a number of persons are working together to achieve a common goal. Their work is closely linked with each other. Therefore, it becomes necessary to bring together the group efforts and harmonize them carefully. Coordination will not exist unless efforts are taken to achieve it. Coordination is the integration and synchronization of the efforts of a group so as to provide unity of action for organizational goals. It is a hidden force which binds all other functions of management. Definitions:Following are some of the important definitionsof coordination: 1 ) Henry Fayol: "To co-ordinate is to harmonize all the activities of a concern to facilitate its working and its success." 2 ) Mooney and Reeley: "Coordination is the orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals." Importance of Co-ordinating: eed for co-ordination arises out of the fact that different elements and efforts of an organization are to be N harmonized and unified to achieve the common objectives. Importance of coordination can be discussed as follows: 1 ) Encourages Team Spirit:In organizations, groupsof individuals work together. There may be conflicts, disputes between individuals, departments and employer and employees regarding organizational policies, roles and responsibilities etc. Coordination arranges the work in such a way that minimum conflicts are raised. It increases the team spirit at work place. 2 ) Gives Proper Direction:Coordination integratesdepartmental activities for achieving common goals of the organization. The work is arranged in a very systematic way. The interdependence of departments gives proper direction to the employees. 3 ) Optimum Utilization of Resources:Managers tryto integrate all the resources systematically. It helps in utilizing all available resources at its optimum level. Co-ordination also helps to minimize the wastage of resources and control the cost of work. 4 ) Achieve Organizational Objectives:Co-ordinationleads to minimizing the wastages of materials, idle time of employees, delay in completion of targets, departmental disputes etc.to a great extent. It ensures smooth working of the organization in the process of achieving the objectives of the organization. 5 ) Leads to Higher Efficiency:With the help of optimum utilization of resources and effective integration of resources, the organization can achieve high returns in terms of high productivity, high profitability as well as can reduce the cost. Thus, co-ordination leads to higher efficiency. 22 6 ) Improves Goodwill:Higher sales and higher profitability can be achieved due to synchronized efforts of organizational people, strong human relations and lower costs. It directly results in creating goodwill for organizations in the market. It reflects on market value of shares as well as it helps in building a good image in society. F. Controlling eaning: Controlling function is required in all typesof organizations whether profit making or nonprofit making. M Similarly, it is performed at all levels i.e. top, middle and lower levels of management Controlling is an indispensable function of management. The effectiveness of the planning function can be determined with the function of controlling. Planning and controlling are major parts of the management cycle. Controlling is a function of comparing the actual performance with the predetermined standard performance. It measures deviation, if any, identifies the causes of deviation and suggests corrective measures. The process of controlling helps in formulation of future plans also. Definitions:Following are some of the important definitionsof controlling: 1 ) Koontz and O'Donnell: "Managerial control implies the measurement of accomplishment against the standard and the correction of deviations to assure attainment of objectives according to plans". 2) Philip Kotler: "Control is the process of taking steps to bring actual results and desired results closer together." Importance of Controlling: ontrolling is important in maintaining standards and to achieve desired goals effectively and efficiently. It is a C function of checking the performances of employees at every stage of their work in process. The importance of controlling function in an organization is as follows: 1 ) Fulfilling Goals of Organization:Controlling isthe function of measuring the performances at every possible stage, finding out the deviations, if any; and taking corrective actions according to planned activities for the organization. Thus, it helps in fulfilling the organizational goals. 2 ) Making Efficient Utilization of Resources:Varioustechniques are used by managers to reduce wastage of material and spoilage of other resources. Standards are set for every performance. Employees have to follow these standards. As the effect of this, the resources are used by employees in the most efficient and effective manner so as to achieve organizational objectives. 3) Accuracy of Standards:An efficient control systemhelps management in judging the accuracy of standards whether they are accurate or not. Controlling measures are flexible to some extent. So after reviewing them 23 a ccording to changing circumstances, they are revised from time to time which 1s beneficial for checking performances accurately. 4 ) Motivates Employee:After setting standards ofchecking performance, they are communicated to employees in advance. Due to this, employees get an idea about what to do and how to do it. Performances are evaluated and on that basis employees are rewarded in the form of increment, bonus, promotion etc. It motivates the employees to perform at their best level. 5 ) Ensures Organizational Efficiency and Effectiveness:Factors of control include making managers responsible, motivating them for higher performance and achieving departmental coordination. It ensures organizational efficiency and effectiveness. 6 ) Builds Good Corporate Image:Controlling functionhelps to improve the overall performance of the organization. Minimum deviation in predetermined standards and actual performance results in the progress of business. It can be achieved with the help of proper control. This builds good corporate image and brings goodwill for the business. 24 SELECTION OF GOODS WHY WHISPER PRODUCT ONLY? Product Features: A bsorbency:Look for pads with high absorbency toprevent leaks. Whisper pads come in different absorbency levels to cater to varying menstrual flows: ❖ R egular: Suitable for light to moderate flow. ❖ Super: Ideal for moderate to heavy flow. ❖ Overnight: Designed for heavy flow and overnight use,providing extra length and coverage. L ength:Choose from regular, long, or overnight lengths. Whisper sanitary pads come in various lengths to cater to different needs and preferences. Here are some common lengths available: ❖ (Large): Approximately 284 mm (28.4 cm) L ❖ XL (Extra Large): Approximately 317 mm (31.7 cm) ❖ XXL (Extra Extra Large): Approximately 360 mm (36 cm) ❖ XXXL (Triple Extra Large): Approximately 400 mm (40 cm) W idth:Select slim or regular widths.Whisper sanitarypads come in different widths to ensure a comfortable fit and effective protection. Here are some details: ❖ egular Pads: Typically around 70-80 mm wide. R ❖ XL Pads: Approximately 80-90 mm wide. ❖ XXL Pads: Around 90-100 mm wide. ❖ XXXL Pads: Generally about 100-110 mm wide. he width of the pad helps in providing better coverage and preventing leaks, especially during heavy T flow days or overnight use Material:Opt for breathable materials like cottonor bamboo.Whisper sanitary pads are designed with a variety of materials to ensure comfort, absorbency, and protection. Here are some key materials used. 1. Top Layer ❖ S oft Cotton-like Cover: The top layer is often made from a soft, cotton-like material that is gentle on the skin, providing comfort and reducing the risk of irritation. 25 2. Absorbent Core ❖ W ood Pulp: This is a common material used in the absorbent core. It helps in quickly absorbing and locking away menstrual fluid. ❖ Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP): These polymers arehighly absorbent and can hold a significant amount of fluid, ensuring dryness and preventing leaks. 3.Breathable Layers ❖ N on-woven Fabric: This fabric allows air to circulate,helping to keep the skin dry and reducing the risk of rashes and irritation. 4. Leak Protection ❖ P lastic Film: A thin plastic film is used as a barrierto prevent leaks. This layer is crucial for ensuring that the fluid does not seep through the pad. ❖ Side Barriers: Some pads have additional side barriersmade from elastic materials to provide extra protection against leaks. 5. Adhesive ❖ P ressure-sensitive Adhesive: This adhesive is usedon the back of the pad to keep it securely in place. It ensures that the pad stays in position during movement. 6. Fragrance and Odor Control ❖ O dor Neutralizers: Some pads include odor-neutralizingagents to help control and neutralize menstrual odors, keeping you feeling fresh. 7. Eco-friendly Options ❖ B iodegradable Materials: Whisper has started offeringpads made from biodegradable materials for environmentally conscious users. These materials break down more easily and reduce environmental impact. hese materials are carefully chosen to provide maximum comfort, protection, and hygiene T during your menstrual cycle W ings:Consider pads with wings for added protection.Wings on sanitary pads are designed to provide extra security and protection. Here’s how they work and why they might be beneficial: Function of Wings ❖ S ecure Fit: Wings wrap around the sides of your underwear,helping to keep the pad in place. This is especially useful during physical activities or when you’re moving around a lot. ❖ Leak Prevention: By securing the pad more firmly, wings help prevent leaks from the sides, offering additional protection. ❖ Comfort: Wings can help the pad stay flat and smooth,reducing bunching and discomfort. 26 Types of Wings ❖ F lexi-Wings: These are designed to move with you,providing a secure fit without restricting movement. ❖ Standard Wings: These offer a snug fit and are typicallyfound on regular and super absorbency pads. User Needs: F low:there are various types of pads available, userscan select from a variety of the products offered to them. Users need to select the pad depending on their flow i.e heavy flow, medium flow or light flow. Comfort:Prioritize comfort and softness.Comfortis a crucial factor when selecting sanitary pads, and Whisper pads are designed with several features to ensure maximum comfort during your menstrual cycle Soft Top Layer:Gentle on Skin: Whisper pads havea soft, cotton-like top layer that feels gentle against the skin, reducing the risk of irritation and rashes. Skin sensitivity:Hypoallergenic or fragrance-freeoptions.For those with sensitive skin, Whisper offers hypoallergenic pads that are free from fragrances and dyes Lifestyle:When it comes to selecting sanitary pads,your lifestyle plays a significant role in determining the best option for you. Choose the Right Size: egular:For average flow and comfort R Long:For heavier flow or overnight protection Overnight:For extended protection during sleep Slim:For lighter flow and comfort Consider the Material: C otton:Breathable, soft, and natural Bamboo:Eco-friendly, breathable, and soft Synthetic:Absorbent, durable, and cost-effective Brand Considerations: Reputation:Trust established brands like Whisper. Q uality:Evaluate product quality and performance.Performance,absorbency, and comfort Price:Balance affordability with quality. Availability:Check availability in local storesor online. Read Reviews and Compare: C ompare features, pricing, and quality. Read reviews from various sources. Consider recommendations from friends, family, or healthcare professionals. 27 Additional Features: Odor control etness indicator W Anti-leakage system Eco-friendly or biodegradable options Compact packaging Certifications and Awards: I SO certifications Awards from reputable organizations Endorsements from healthcare experts y considering these factors, you can make an informed decision when selecting Whisper B sanitary pads or comparable products. 28 INTRODUCTION OF THE GOODS SELECTED anitary napkins(also known as sanitary pads, sanitary towels, sanitary napkins, or feminine napkins) are thin pads S made of absorbent materials. They play a vital role in feminine hygiene as they soak the menstrual fluid during menstruation, bleeding after giving birth, recovering from gynecologic surgery, experiencing a miscarriage or abortion, or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of blood from the vagina. sanitary napkin contains four functional components including a fluid acquisition layer, distribution component, A absorbent structure, and liquid impervious membrane. These napkins can be found in different sizes and shapes with varying capacities of absorption. I n today's world, women's cleanliness and hygiene are essential, and they must be taken care of. Women are always afraid or hesitant to buy napkins from places other than their homes, such as supermarkets, pharmacies, and other markets. Menstruation may be a normal part of life. However, it has been ignored in all markets, as well as at the individual level, for decades. The sanitary napkins can absorb the menstrual discharge. Menstrual manuals for women and teenage girls during menarche and menopause must include a sanitary napkin. The functional requirement of a female hygiene product is to absorb and retain the menstrual fluid so that backtracking of fluid does not happen and at the same time, it should be odor-free. eminine hygiene causes serious problems for women if not managed properly. Women and girls around the world F have built their own methods for dealing with menstruation. Individual interests, available capital, economic status, local customs and cultural values, and expertise or education all influence these factors. Women often treat menstruation with strategies that could damage them as a result of these restrictions. Commercially available products in the market are sanitary pads, menstrual cups, tampons, reusable cloth pads, and herbal-finished napkins. Low-income women use a variety of products as adsorbents during menstruation, ranging from reusable towels to commercially available disposable sanitary pads. Menstruation begins at puberty and is a normal part of the female reproductive cycle. Bad menstrual hygiene has been linked to serious health problems; including infections in the reproductive tract and urinary tract. Companies that make commercial sanitary products must use less chemical and plastic material. Pads made out of fibers such as bamboo, banana, water hyacinth, and sea sponge should be encouraged for developing new products with no side effects. I n India, the increasing awareness about menstrual hygiene is supporting the demand for sanitary napkins. Moreover, the utilization of high-quality and environment-friendly raw materials to produce these pads is further providing an impetus to the growth of the market. 29 e have selectedwhisperas our brand for sanitary pads as it is one of the leading brands in India. W It is produced by the company called Procter & Gamble (P&G). Whisper sanitary pads, a brand by Procter & Gamble (P&G), were introduced in India in 1989.At that time, menstrual hygiene was a topic rarely discussed openly, and advertising for such products was almost non-existent.Whisper played a pivotal role in changing this landscape by being the first brand to show a sanitary pad in a commercial and to mention the word “periods” in advertising. he brand focused on two main areas: awareness and access.They launched educational T programs in schools to teach young girls about menstrual hygiene, which continues to educate millions of girls each year..Whisper also aimed toremove the stigma around sanitary pads by making them more visible in retail environments. ne of their notable campaigns, “Touch the Pickle,” challenged myths and superstitions O associated with periods, sparking a nationwide conversation and earning significant recognition. Whisper’s Vision hisper’s vision revolves around empowering women and girls by providing high-quality menstrual W hygiene products and breaking the taboos associated with menstruation. Here are some key aspects of Whisper’s vision: 1. Empowerment and Confidence hisper aims to unleash the confidence of women and girls, enabling them to pursue their dreams without W being held back by menstrual challenges. The brand’s products are designed to provide comfort and protection, allowing users to feel secure and confident during their periods. 2. Breaking Taboos hisper has been at the forefront of challenging societal taboos and stigmas related to menstruation. W Through impactful campaigns like “Touch the Pickle,” Whisper has sparked conversations and encouraged people to question and discard outdated beliefs and practices1. 3. Education and Awareness hisper is committed to educating young girls about menstrual hygiene.The brand’s school education W programs reach millions of girls each year, providing them with the knowledge and resources they need to manage their periods hygienically and confidently1. 4. Accessibility and Inclusivity hisper strives to make menstrual hygiene products accessible to all women, regardless of their W socio-economic status. By offering a range of products at different price points, Whisper ensures that more women can afford and access quality menstrual hygiene solutions. 30 5. Innovation and Quality hisper continuously innovates to improve the quality and effectiveness of its products. The brand invests W in research and development to create pads that offer superior comfort, absorbency, and protection. 6. Environmental Responsibility ecognizing the importance of sustainability, Whisper has introduced eco-friendly options, such as R biodegradable pads, to cater to environmentally conscious users.This reflects the brand’s commitment to reducing its environmental impact. 7 . Social Impact hisper’s initiatives, such as the “Keep Girls in School” program, aim to reduce school dropouts due to W menstruation by providing education and resources.This program aligns with Whisper’s broader goal of promoting gender equality and ensuring that every girl has the opportunity to succeed. y focusing on these aspects, Whisper envisions a world where menstruation is not a barrier to achieving B one’s goals, and where women and girls can manage their periods with dignity and confidence. B rand Value hisper is a highly valued brand in the menstrual hygiene market, known for its quality products and W impactful campaigns. Here are some key points about Whisper’s brand value: 1. Market Leadership hisper has established itself as a market leader in the menstrual hygiene category in India. Since its W launch in 1989, the brand has played a significant role in transforming the market from a niche segment to a mainstream category.The market value of thesanitary pad category in India has grown from approximately Rs 34 crore in 1989 to around Rs 3400 crore in recent years12. 2. Innovation and Quality hisper is known for its continuous innovation and commitment to quality. The brand offers a wide W range of products designed to meet different menstrual needs, ensuring comfort, protection, and reliability. Whisper’s products are often at the forefront of technological advancements in menstrual hygiene. 3. Social Impact hisper has been instrumental in breaking the stigma around menstruation through its bold and impactful W campaigns. The“Touch the Pickle”campaign, for example,challenged societal taboos and sparked a nationwide conversation about menstruation.This campaignearned India its first Grand Prix in the inaugural Glass Lions at the 2015 Cannes Lions. 31 4. Education and Awareness hisper’s commitment to education and awareness is evident through its school education programs, W which reach millions of girls each year.These programsaim to educate young girls about menstrual hygiene and the importance of using sanitary pads, thereby reducing school dropouts due to menstruation. 5. Accessibility hisper focuses on making its products accessible to a wide audience by offering a variety of products W at different price points. This ensures that more women can afford and access quality menstrual hygiene solutions. 6. Environmental Responsibility ecognizing the growing demand for sustainable products, Whisper has introduced eco-friendly options, R such as biodegradable pads.This reflects the brand’scommitment to reducing its environmental impact. 7. Brand Recognition hisper is a well-recognized and trusted brand in India. Its strong brand recognition is a result of W consistent quality, innovative products, and impactful marketing campaigns. y focusing on these aspects, Whisper has built a strong brand value that resonates with consumers and B contributes to its leadership position in the market 32 33 Awareness driveby Whisper TOUCH THE PICKLE 34 P RODUCTION PROCESS OF THE SELECTED GOOD What is production? roduction refers to the process of creating, manufacturing or harvesting goods and services. It involves P transforming raw materials or components into finished products.For example, the production process of sanitary pads would involve the steps of sourcing raw materials, manufacturing the pads, and packaging them for distribution. he production process of sanitary pads involves several key steps to ensure they are effective and T comfortable for users. Here’s a brief overview of the process: 1. RAW MATERIAL SELECTION A.Identifying Suppliers R esearch and Selection: Manufacturers identify andselect suppliers who provide high-quality raw materials. This involves researching potential suppliers, evaluating their reputation, and ensuring they meet industry standards. Contracts and Agreements: Formal agreements are madewith suppliers to ensure a s teady supply of materials.These contracts ofteninclude specifications for quality, quantity, and delivery schedules. B. Raw Material Require C ellulose Pulp: Sourced from wood, this material formsthe absorbent core. Suppliers typically provide pulp in large rolls or bales S uper Absorbent Polymers (SAP): These are syntheticmaterials that can absorb and retain large amounts of liquid. SAP is usually supplied in granular form. N on-woven Fabric: Used for the top sheet, this fabricis soft and breathable. It is often made from polypropylene or similar materials. P olyethylene: This material is used for the back sheetto prevent leakage. It is supplied in thin, flexible sheets. A dhesives: Used to bond the layers of the pad togetherand to attach the pad to underwear. Adhesives are supplied in various forms, including hot melt and pressure-sensitive types. D yes and Fragrances: Sometimes added for aestheticpurposes and to provide a pleasant scent, although many pads are now fragrance-free to avoid irritation. 35 C. Quality Control and Testing I nitial Testing: Before accepting raw materials, manufacturers conduct initial tests to ensure they meet the required specifications. This includes checking for absorbency, strength, and safety. O ngoing Quality Checks: Regular quality checks are performed on batches of raw materials to ensure consistency.This involves physicaland chemical testing to verify properties like absorbency, tensile strength, and purity. D. Storage And Handling P roper Storage: Raw materials are stored in controlled environments to prevent contamination and degradation. For example, cellulose pulp and non-woven fabrics are kept in dry, clean areas. Inventory Management: Efficient inventory management ensures that materials are a vailable when needed without overstocking.This involvestracking usage rates and coordinating with suppliers for timely deliveries. E.Sustainability Considerations E co-friendly Materials: Increasingly, manufacturers are sourcing eco-friendly materials such as organic cotton, bamboo fiber, and biodegradable polymers. These materials reduce the environmental impact of sanitary pads. S upplier Audits: Manufacturers may conduct audits of their suppliers to ensure they follow sustainable practices and ethical labor standards. y following these steps, manufacturers ensure that the raw materials used in sanitary pads B are of high quality, safe, and suitable for production. 36 Cellulose Fiber Non- Woven Fabric Non - Woven Fabric 37 2.FLUFF FORMATION he fluff in sanitary pads plays a crucial role in ensuring their effectiveness and comfort. Here’s a T detailed look at its functions: A. Absorbency P rimary Function: The main role of the fluff, whichis made from cellulose pulp, is to absorb menstrual fluid. The fluffy structure creates a large surface area that can quickly soak up liquid. R etention: Once the fluid is absorbed, the fluff helpsto retain it, preventing leaks and keeping the surface of the pad dry. B. Distribution E ven Spread: The fluff helps to distribute the absorbedfluid evenly throughout the pad. This prevents the fluid from pooling in one area, which can cause discomfort and increase the risk of leaks. Q uick Absorption: The fluffy structure allows forrapid absorption, ensuring that the fluid is quickly drawn away from the skin. C. Comfort S oftness: The fluff provides a soft, cushiony layerthat enhances the comfort of the pad. This is important for reducing irritation and ensuring that the pad feels comfortable during use. F lexibility: The fluffy material is flexible, allowingthe pad to conform to the body’s shape and move with it, which is essential for comfort and effectiveness. D. Breathability A ir Flow: The fluff allows for some airflow withinthe pad, which helps to keep the skin dry and reduces the risk of irritation and infections. T emperature Regulation: By allowing air to circulate,the fluff helps to regulate temperature, making the pad more comfortable to wear. E. Structural Integrity C ore Stability: The fluff, when combined with superabsorbent polymers (SAP), forms a stable core that maintains its shape and structure even when wet. This ensures that the pad remains effective throughout its use. Layer Bonding: The fluff helps to bond the differentlayers of the pad t ogether, providing structural integrity and ensuring that the pad stays intact during use. 38 he fluff formation process is a crucial step in the production of sanitary pads, as it directly impacts the T pad’s absorbency and comfort. Here’s a detailed look at how fluff is formed: a. Cellulose Pulp Preparation Source: The cellulose pulp, derived from softwoodtrees, is the primary material used for fluff. This pulp is chosen for its high absorbency and ability to form a soft, fibrous structure. I nitial Processing: The pulp is initially processedto remove impurities and ensure it is clean and suitable for further processing. b. Defibration M echanical Defibration: The cellulose pulp is fedinto a defibration machine.This machine uses high-speed rotating knives, typically spinning at around 3000 RPM, to shred the pulp into fine fibers. A ir Laying: The fine fibers are then dispersed intoan airstream, which helps to evenly distribute them and form a fluffy, absorbent layer. c. Mixing with Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) SAP Addition:The fluffy cellulose fibers are mixedwith super absorbentpolymers (SAP). AP is a synthetic material that can absorb and retain large amounts of liquid, significantly S enhancing the absorbency of the fluff. R atio Control: The ratio of cellulose pulp to SAPis carefully controlled to ensure optimal absorbency and comfort.This mixture is crucial forthe pad’s performance. d. Forming the Absorbent Core L ayering: The mixed fluff and SAP are layered to formthe absorbent core of the sanitary pad. This core is designed to absorb menstrual fluid quickly and retain it, keeping the surface dry. S haping: The absorbent core is shaped to fit the contoursof the body, ensuring comfort and preventing leaks. e. Quality Control A bsorbency Testing: The formed fluff is tested forits absorbency to ensure it meets the required standards.This involves measuring how muchliquid the fluff can absorb and retain. C onsistency Checks: Regular checks are performed toensure the fluff is consistently formed and mixed with the correct amount of SAP. 39 Cellulose Fiber Super Absorbent Polymer 40 3.CORE FORMATION Importance of Core Formation he core is the most critical component of a sanitary pad as it is responsible for absorbing and T retaining menstrual fluid. The combination of cellulose fluff and SAP ensures that the pad can handle a significant amount of fluid while keeping the surface dry and comfortable.Here’s the detailed process of core formation: A. Raw Material Formation a. Cellulose Pulp: The primary material for the core is cellulose pulp, which is derived from wood or cotton. This pulp is processed into a fluffy form. b. Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP): SAP is added to the pulp to enhance its absorbency. SAP can absorb and retain large amounts of liquid relative to its mass. B. Layering process a. Fluff and SAP Mixture: The fine fluff, mixed with Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) powder, is fed into a core-forming machine. This mixture is crucial for the absorbency of the pad. b. Layer Formation: T he core-forming machine shapes the mixture into layers. These layers are designed to maximize the distribution and retention of fluids. A strip of SAP-infused paper is often interwoven between these layers. This strip enhances the absorbency and ensures even fluid. c. Layer Compression: T he layers are compressed to a specific thickness. This compression helps maintain the structural integrity of the core and ensures it remains compact and efficient in absorbing fluids. d.Heat Treatment: Heat may be applied during the compression stageto bond the layers together more effectively. This process helps in maintaining the shape and durability of the core. e. Edge Sealing: T he edges of the core are sealed to prevent any leakage. This sealing is crucial for maintaining the hygiene and effectiveness of the pad. f. Integration withOther Layers: 41 T he absorbent core is then integrated with the top sheet and back sheet. The top sheet is usually made of a soft, non-woven fabric that is gentle on the skin, while the back sheet is made of a leak-proof material like polyethylene. IMPORTANCE OF LAYERING A bsorbency: Proper layering ensures that the pad can absorb and retain a large amount of fluid, keeping the user dry and comfortable. L eak Prevention: The interwoven SAP paper and sealed edges help prevent leaks, providing reliable protection. C omfort: The layers are designed to be soft and flexible, ensuring that the pad is comfortable to wear. his detailed layering process is essential for producing high-quality sanitary pads that are T both effective and comfortable. 42 4.TOP SHEET MAKING The top sheet of a sanitary pad is the layer that comes into direct contact with the skin. It plays a crucial role in ensuring comfort and quick absorption of menstrual fluid.This detailed process ensures that the top sheet of sanitary pads is soft, comfortable, and effective in quickly transferring fluid to the absorbent core.Here’s a detailed look at the process of makingthe top sheet: A. Material Selection N on-woven Fabric: The top sheet is typically madefrom a soft, non-woven fabric such as polypropylene or rayon.This material is chosen forits softness, breathability, and ability to quickly transfer fluid to the absorbent core. Hydrophilic Treatment: The fabric is often treatedto be hydrophilic, meaning it can attract and absorb water.This treatment ensures that menstrualfluid is quickly absorbed through the top sheet. B. Spunbond Process F iber Bonding: The non-woven fabric is created usingthe spunbond process, where polymer filaments are extruded, stretched, and then bonded together.This process creates a strong, durable fabric that is also soft and flexible. Perforation: The fabric is perforated with tiny holesto allow fluid to pass through quickly. These perforations are carefully designed to ensure efficient fluid transfer while maintaining the integrity of the fabric. C. Quality Control S oftness Testing: The top sheet undergoes testingto ensure it is soft and comfortable against the skin.This involves measuring the fabric’s textureand flexibility. Absorbency Testing: The hydrophilic treatment andperforations are tested to ensure they effectively allow fluid to pass through to the absorbent core. D. Integration with the Absorbent Core L amination: The top sheet is laminated to the absorbentcore, which consists of fluff pulp and super absorbent polymers (SAP).This lamination processensures that the top sheet stays in place and effectively transfers fluid to the core. Edge Sealing: The edges of the top sheet are sealedto prevent fraying and ensure the pad maintains its shape and structure during use. he top sheet’s thickness and density affect its ability to absorb and distribute liquids. Manufacturers T adjust these parameters to achieve the desired performance characteristics. The top sheet’s thickness and density affect its ability to absorb and distribute liquids. Manufacturers adjust these parameters to achieve the desired performance characteristics. 43 Top Sheet For Sanitary Pads 44 5.BACK SHEET he back sheet is a crucial component of a sanitary pad, serving as an impermeable thin film or barrier T fabric that prevents leakage. It is typically made from polyethylene, a breathable but liquid-impermeable material. Here’s an overview of the back sheet production process: A. M aterial Selection: ○ T he back sheet is typically made from a thin, impermeable film such as polyethylene (PE).This material is chosen for itsflexibility, durability, and waterproof properties. B. Film Extrusion: ○ E xtrusion Process: Polyethylene granules are meltedand extruded through a flat die to form a continuous thin film. The thickness of the film is carefully controlled to ensure it is both effective and comfortable. ○ C ooling: The extruded film is rapidly cooled usingchilled rollers to solidify it and maintain its shape. C. Printing and Coloring: ○ P rinting: The back sheet can be printed with designs,logos, or patterns using flexographic or gravure printing techniques. This step is optional and depends on the brand’s requirements. ○ C oloring: If a specific color is desired, pigmentscan be added to the polyethylene during the extrusion process. D. Perforation (Optional): ○ S ome back sheets are perforated to enhance breathability while still preventing liquid from passing through. This is done using precision perforation equipment. E. Lamination (Optional): ○ I n some cases, the back sheet may be laminated with a nonwoven fabric to improve its feel and add additional strength. This involves bonding the film to the fabric using heat and pressure. F. Quality Control: ○ T he back sheet undergoes rigorous quality control checks to ensure it meets the required standards. This includes testing for thickness, tensile strength, and impermeability. 45 G. Cutting and Winding: ○ T he finished back sheet film is cut into the required widths and wound into rolls. These rolls are then ready to be used in the assembly of sanitary pads. Benefits of a Well-Produced Back Sheet L eakage Prevention: The impermeable nature of theback sheet ensures that no liquid escapes, providing reliable protection. C omfort: A well-designed back sheet is thin and flexible,ensuring the pad is comfortable to wear. B reathability: Optional perforation can enhance breathability,reducing the risk of skin irritation. y understanding the back sheet production process, manufacturers can optimize their designs and B materials to create effective and comfortable sanitary pads for consumers. Back Sheet Fabric 46 6.LAMINATION amination is the process of creating a composite material by bonding multiple layers together. This L technique enhances the material’s properties, such as strength, stability, and durability. he lamination process in the production of sanitary pads is crucial for ensuring the pad’s integrity and T functionality. Here’s a detailed breakdown: A. Preparation of Layers: a. T op Sheet: This is the layer that comes into contactwith the skin. It’s made from a soft, nonwoven fabric that ensures comfort and quick absorption. b. A bsorbent Core: Made from a mixture of cellulose fluffand super absorbent polymers (SAP), this layer is responsible for absorbing and retaining fluids. c. B ack Sheet: This is the waterproof layer that preventsleakage. It’s usually made from polyethylene or a similar material. B. Application of Adhesive: a. An adhesive is applied to the layers to bond them together. The adhesive must be strong enough to hold the layers together but also flexible to maintain the pad’s comfort. b. T he adhesive can be applied in various patterns (e.g., dots, lines) depending on the design and requirements of the pad. C. Layer Alignment: a. T he layers are carefully aligned to ensure that the pad is uniform and the edges are sealed properly. Misalignment can lead to leakage or discomfort. b. This step is often done using precision machinery to ensure accuracy. D. Heat and Pressure Application: a. T he aligned layers are passed through rollers that apply heat and pressure. This step activates the adhesive and bonds the layers together. b. T he temperature and pressure settings are crucial and are adjusted based on the materials used and the desired properties of the final product. E. Cooling and Cutting: a. After lamination, the pads are cooled to set the adhesive and stabilize the structure. b. T he laminated sheets are then cut into individual pads. The cutting process is precise to ensure each pad meets the required dimensions and shape. F. Quality Control: 47 a. E ach batch of laminated pads undergoes quality control checks to ensure they meet the required standards. This includes checking for uniformity, adhesive strength, and overall integrity. Benefits of Lamination E nhanced Durability: The lamination process ensuresthat the pad remains intact during use, providing reliable protection. Improved Comfort: Proper lamination ensures that thepad is flexible and comfortable to wear. L eakage Prevention: By securely bonding the layers,lamination helps prevent leaks and ensures the pad performs effectively. Laminated Top Sheet 48 7.ADHESIVE he adhesive process in the production of sanitary pads is crucial for ensuring that the various layers of T the pad are securely bonded together and that the pad stays in place during use. A. Types of Adhesives Used: a. Hot-Melt Adhesives:These are the most commonlyused adhesives in sanitary pads. They are applied in a molten state and solidify upon cooling, providing a strong bond1. . Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs):These adhesivesremain tacky at room b temperature and adhere to surfaces when pressure is applied. They are often used for the adhesive strips that attach the pad to underwear1. B. Application of Adhesives: a. Core Bonding:The absorbent core, made of fluffpulp and super absorbent polymers (SAP), is bonded to the top sheet and back sheet using hot-melt adhesives. This ensures that the core stays in place and does not shift during use1. . Layer Bonding:The top sheet, absorbent core, andback sheet are laminated together using b hot-melt adhesives. The adhesive is applied in a pattern (e.g., dots, lines) to ensure even distribution and strong bonding1. c. Attachment Strips:Pressure-sensitive adhesivesare applied to the back sheet to create the adhesive strips that allow the pad to be attached to underwear. These strips are covered with a release paper that is peeled off before use1. C. Adhesive Application Methods: a. Spraying:Adhesives can be sprayed onto the surfacesusing nozzles. This method allows for precise control over the amount and pattern of adhesive applied1. . Rolling:Adhesives can also be applied using rollers,which spread the adhesive evenly over b the surface1. c. Slot Die Coating:This method involves extrudingthe adhesive through a slot die to create a uniform layer. It is commonly used for applying hot-melt adhesives1. D. Curing and Setting: a. Hot-Melt Adhesives:These adhesives solidify uponcooling, forming a strong bond between the layers. The cooling process is quick, allowing for efficient production1. . Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives:These adhesives donot require curing. They remain tacky b and provide an instant bond when pressure is applied1. 49 E. Quality Control: a. Inspection:The bonded pads are inspected for defectssuch as incomplete bonding, air bubbles, or misalignment. This ensures that each pad meets the required quality standards1. . Testing:The strength of the adhesive bond is testedto ensure it can withstand the stresses of b use. This includes tests for peel strength, shear strength, and tackiness1. Benefits of Using Adhesives in Sanitary Pads S trong Bonding: Ensures that the layers of the padstay together and do not separate during use. F lexibility: Adhesives provide flexibility, allowingthe pad to conform to the body’s shape for comfort. S ecure Attachment: Pressure-sensitive adhesives ensurethat the pad stays securely in place in the underwear without shifting Adhesive 50 8.WRAPPING AND PACKING rapping involves enclosing a product in a protective material. This step is crucial for maintaining the W product’s integrity and hygiene. Packing refers to the process of placing wrapped products into larger containers for storage, transport, and sale. This step ensures that the pr
