Introduction to Computer Science PDF

Introduction to Computer Science Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology 2 Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 1. Basic Concepts Unit 2. Data Representation in a Computer Unit 3. Computer Systems Unit 4. Computer...

Introduction to Computer Science Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology 2 Part I : Fundamentals of Information Technology Unit 1. Basic Concepts Unit 2. Data Representation in a Computer Unit 3. Computer Systems Unit 4. Computer Network and Operating Systems Unit 5. Computer Software, Algorithms 3 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts Unit 1. Basic Concepts Information and Information Processing Data – Information – Knowledge Information Processing Computers and Classification of Computers History of Computers Classification of Computers Computer Science and Relevant Sciences 5 Information and Information Processing Data – Information – Knowledge Information Processing 6 Data – Information – Knowledge 7 Data Usually, data is static in nature. It can represent a set of discrete facts about events. Data is a prerequisite to information. An organization has to decide on the nature and volume of data that is required for creating the necessary information. Data represents unorganized and unprocessed facts. 8 Information Information can be considered as an aggregation of data (processed data) which makes decision making easier. Information has usually got some meaning and purpose. 9 Data & Information DATA INFORMATION INFORMATION = DATA + CONTEXT + MEANING 10 Knowledge Human understanding of a subject matter that has been acquired through proper study and experience. Usually based on learning, thinking, and proper understanding of the problem area. Understanding of information based on its perceived importance or relevance to a problem area. Integration of human perceptive processes that helps them to draw meaningful conclusions. 11 Knowledge Through knowledge and experiences, the doctor discover a rule of blood pressure increment -> knowledge. Prescribe medicines, or other treatment to help the patient to control blood pressure 12 Information Processing The electronic capture, collection, storage, manipulation, transmission, retrieval, and presentation of information in the form of data, text, voice, or image and includes telecommunications and office automation functions. 13 Model of Information Processing INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORAGE 14 Computers. Classification of Computers History of Computers Classification of Computers Computer Science and Relevant Sciences 15 History of Computers The abacus Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood Charles Babbage : a programmable machine Ada Lovelace used the machine to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer 16 History of Computers (cont’d) George Boole wrote An Investigation of the Laws of Thought(1854) In 1935, Konrad Zuse, built a mechanical calculator to handle the math involved in his profession. The Enigma, a complex mechanical encoder was used by the Germans Alan Turing proposed a "Universal Machine" capable of "computing" any algorithm in 1937. 17 History of Computers (cont’d) In 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), completes. The first commercially successful computer is IBM 701 1969 UNIX operating system, Internet, ARPANet “Personal Computer" 1981:MS-DOS Operating System 1985 : MS Windows 18 First generation of computing (1950-1959) Used vacuum tubes to store data and programs Memory: Magnetic drums Input device: Punched cards Each computer was multiple rooms in size Computers were not very reliable 19 Second generation of computing (1959-1965) Replaced vacuum tubes by transistors and magnetic cores Dramatic reduction in size Computer could fit into a single room Increase in reliability of computers Reduced costs of computers High-level programming languages (Fortran) 20 Third generation of computing (1965-1975) Used integrated circuits rather than individual electronic components Further reduction in size and cost of computers Computers became desk-sized First minicomputer developed Software industry formed 21 Fourth generation of computing (1975-1985) Reduced to the size of a typewriter First microcomputer developed Desktop and personal computers common Appearance of Computer networks Electronic mail User-friendly systems (Graphical user interfaces) 22 Fifth generation of computing (1985-now) Artificial Intelligence Massively parallel processors Handheld devices and other types of personal digital assistants (PDAs) High-resolution graphics Powerful multimedia user interfaces incorporating sound, voice recognition, touch, photography, video, and television 23 Fifth generation of computing (1985-now)(cont’d) Integrated global telecommunications incorporating data, television, telephone, FAX, the Internet, and the World Wide Web Wireless data communications Massive storage devices Ubiquitous computing Embedded systems Artificial Intelligence 24 Classification of Computers Available in different shapes, sizes and weights Perform different sorts of jobs from one another. Mainframe Computers Supercomputers Minicomputers Microcomputers 25 26 Mini computer PDP 11- the 1970’s 27 Computer Science and Relevant Sciences Information Technology Information and Communication Technology 28 Definitions of Computer Science The study of computers, including both hardware and software design. Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines, including artificial intelligence and software engineering. 29 Information Technology Includes all matters concerned with the furtherance of computer science and technology and with the design, development, installation, and implementation of information systems and applications 30 Information and Communication Technology Any communication device or application, encompassing: Radio Television Cellular phones Computers Network hardware and software, Satellite systems... The various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. 31