Mughal Empire: Beginning & Expansion - Oxford PDF

By the end of the chapter, st udents wi ll: ,:t,. Ex p lain the contributions of Babur. ;~~-,;~e why Akbar is cons idered the g reatest Mug hal ruler.．烂 Trace 小e orig in of Mug hal emp ire. Trace theorig ins of the first Mug halru/erBaburand exp lore the reasons forhis invas ion of...

By the end of the chapter, st udents wi ll: ,:t,. Ex p lain the contributions of Babur. ;~~-,;~e why Akbar is cons idered the g reatest Mug hal ruler.．烂 Trace 小e orig in of Mug hal emp ire. Trace theorig ins of the first Mug halru/erBaburand exp lore the reasons forhis invas ion of the Subcon ti?ent ~;;ri~ ~0; the Firs t Battle of Panip a t marked the beg inning s of the Mug hal Era in the Subcon tinen t.,.~ Exp lain some contributions of Humayun as a Mug hal Emp eror. Describe the g rea tes t con tribu tion of Sher Shah Suri with examp les. Describe the ;ussle between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri.对 Describe the h is torical s ig n ificance of the Second Ba ttle o f Pan ip a t in the es tablishmen t o f the Mug ha/ Era in the Subcont芷 Lis t major enemies of Akbar and exp lain how he de fea ted them. Describe some arch itecture achievemen ts o f Shah 丿 ahan. Describe differen t ach ievemen ts 」 ahang ir made during h is reig n. t/. （ Describe Nur Jahan's con tribu tions in 」 ahang ir's ach ievemen ts. Describe some arch itectural ach ievemen ts of Shah J ahan. Describe who Mara thas were, and how they became the s trong es t enemy of the Mug hals. Lis t major mys tic orders (SufiSils ilas) and their con tribu tion in the sp read of Islam in the Subcontinen t. Exp la in Sheikh Ahmads con tribu tions wh ich made h im Mujaddid A lf-San i才心I:,?儿 ，，少 How d id the Mu ghals secure such a vast empire? T "1e 勹.... ;g i ~s o f gral Emrire g The Mu hals descend命 ＇from the g Mon ol and Turk ic p eo p les of Central As ia. They were warrior p eo p les who cla imed descent from both Geng h is Khan and T imur. TheY had conve rted to Islam, and thou g h t he ir or ig ins lay in a very small k in g dom in a valley on an anc ient s il k trad in g rou te, they were to become the rulers of a vast em p ire on the Ind ian subcon tinent 7..... ~ ;丫 1 更 b r /1 砰 勹 1O( Zah irudd in Baburwas born in 1483 in p resen t-day Uzbek istan and belon g ed to the Timur id dy nasty, wh ich had a rich h istor y of cul tural and ar tis tic g p atrona e. He was a m il itarY commander and a sk illed s tra te g is t, and is known for  UNIT 17 THE SEGI'` ＇；认 8 5; ;？：丛L飞 ：： 疗 芜 1凡 ；“; found ing t he Mu g hal Em p ire. Des p ite fac ing numerous challe ng E: and defeat s, Babur con q uered 守e c ity of Kabul in 1504, wh i became t he cent re of h is k ingdom, and secured a key borders~ th e Ind ian subcontinent from fore ig n invader溥 In 1立6, Babur defeated Ibrah im Lodh i,the last sultan of the Del 嘈 Su ltanat e, at t he Battle of Pan ip at. Th is victo ry establ ished h is rule over no rt hern Ind ia and marked the beg inn in g of the Mu g hal Em p ire. Babur was a p atron of the a rts and arch itecture, and during h i re ig n, he oversaw t he construction of several im p o rtant landmar includ in g t he Kabul i Ba g h Masjid, wh ich was constructed in Pan ip to celebrat e h is v ictor y over Ibrah im Lodh i. Babur is also known for h is memo ir, t he Baburnama, wh ich offers ins ig hts into h is l ife, h i m il it a ry cam p a ig ns, and h is cul tural interests. ［y: 三 ；；三 － ；O勹0a:tb: 7：;;n:h5;3Soo eu ttfh;。三 a『$r0:f三 rtmlae『 :。 二 三 勹 ：dSIICm勹 ？。SVSedH ；二 ，：：ramt?。rn ke 心 IT'S A FACT! t g The firs r- 1u hal er ＿- own memo i rs hr t 歧 g. Nclrr ior-1, in you leave l!tera t ur was much mo wro te abou t t as \\ell a- gt 1ou h g ， ene C a a p ( r 0acv Babur establ ished contacts w ith the g rea t ne ig hbour in g em pires o f the S av ids in Pcrsm cl Ott omans in Turk iy e. From the Ottomans he secured v ital su p p l ies o ma tchlock g uns and cann t ha t added t he new technolog y o f fire p ower to the trad itional swords an arrows o f th ho arr iors of t he re g ion. 才尺 hen Babur challen g ed Ibrah im Lodh i, des p ite the fact tha the Sul tan· as tl y ou t numbered h is, Babur had h is dec is ive cannon tha t el p in t he Ba ttle o f Pan ip a t. Other innova tive Mu g hal ac tics m p l o f g un p o der and the m 仆itary manoeuvre o f tu lg huma ( h ich involv:::d 畴 IT 17 THE BEG l!INING OF THE MUS HAL EMPIRE the enemy on all s ides). Ibrah im Lodh i was defeated and k illed, and Ba bur took the t hrone o f Delh i. La ter, Babur was also able to t ake over t he Rajp u tana reg ion by em p loy in g the same m il it ar y t actics ｀ wh ich were p rev iousl y not seen on the subcontinent before. The collapse and restoration of the Mughal Empire under Humayun IT'SA FACT! Sher Shah Sur i is reco g n ised as The second Mu ghal Em peror was Babur's eldest son, Humayun, a w ise ruler who is cred it ed w it h in t roduc in g land and adm in is t ra tive who re ig ned from 1530-56. He was not as sk illed a warr ior or re forms, i nclud i n g man y other g eneral as h is father, and he faced endless challeng es from measures i m p lemen ted for h is enem i es. 欧 the be ttermen t and wel fare o f h i s p eo ple. He also'd i s p layed Hum ayun's g reatest t hreat came from Sher Shah Suri, who had been an ord inary sold ier called Farid Khan and t hen a 亡 兰勹 I,古 ＄ s ； e a心：：cts , commander of forces in t he st ate of B ihar. He even served for a time wit h Babur's army. Sher Shah Suri con quered Ben g al and t hen defeated Em p eror Humay un. He chased Humay un out of Ind ia al tog ether and set h imsel f and h is fam ily u p as rulers in Delh ifor t he ne xt fifteen y ears. One of Sher Shah's g reatest ach ievements was the bu ild in g of t he Grand Trunk Road from Sonarg aon in Ben g al to the Punjab, across t he Indus R iver. Lat er, t he Mu g hals extended the road fu rther to Kabul in Afg han ist an.,The Grand Trunk Road, wh ich extended over 2,500 k ilometres from Kolka ta to Peshawar, was an im p ortant trade rou te that hel p ed t o boo5 t t rade and commerce, and p lay ed an im p ortan t role in p romotin g cul tural exchan g e and in t eraction betw een d ifferen t re g ions of Ind ia. I t also had s ig n 巾can t m il itar y and st ra te g ic im p l ica tions wh ich vas im p or tan t fo r ma in ta in in g con trol over a larg e em p ire l ike t he Mu g hal Em p ire. Humay un's fl ig h t from Ind ia was d ifficul t, he faced severe hardsh ip s on h is journey t hrou g h t he deser ts. H is son Akbar was born a t t h is time, in 1542, in Umerkot (p resen t-day S indh). In 1545, Humay un re took Kabul and when Sher Shah's he irs became weak, he dec ided to a tt em p t t o recon q uer h is lost em p ire. Th is time he g ave command of the army to a stron g leader, Ba iram Khan. The Battle o f S irh ind in J une 1555 was a dec is ive v ict or y fo r t he Mu g hal fo rces, wh ich rest ored Humay an to h is throne in Delh i. He was also able to res tore Mu g hal rule across nor t hern Ind ia. In 丿 anuar y 1556, Humay un had a tra g ic acc ident,fall in g down the sta irs o f h is p r iva te observa t or y in Delh i. H is son Akbar t hen became Mu g hal Em p eror a t t he a g e of th ir teen. 阮动 会 f知 !nayun's 。 rule Humay un's rule had a s ig n ifican t im p act on the p ol itical and cul tural landsca p e o f Ind ia. Des p it e fac in g numerous challen g es and setbacks, he mana g ed to kee p the em p ire in tact and p ass it on o h is son. Akbar the Great, who wen t on to become one o f the most famous Mu g hal Em p erors in Ind ia. Moreover, the time o f h is re ig n saw the in t roduc tion o f Pers ian cul ture and lan g ua g e, wh ich had a las tin g 呵 uence on Ind ian l itera ture, ar t, and mus ic. Humay un's m il itar y cam p a ig ns and all iances hel p ed to consol ida te the Mu g hal Em p ire's con trol over nor thern Ind ia, p av in g t he wa y f or.he cul tural and econom ic flour ish in g tha t took p lace dur in g the re ig n o f h is successors.  IIIIIT I7 THE 5E31 ij!,“(; : : rR: `.,-5E 六~ EU:- 五芢 The reign of Akbar the Great Akbar, also known as Akbar t he Great, was the th ird Mug hal Em p eror who ruled over Ind ia from 1556 t o 1605. He was born in 1542 in Umarkot, a small town in p resen t勺 ay Pak istan. After Humay un d ied, h is g eneral Ba iram Khan was ent rust ed with look in g a fter the y oun g p r ince. Akbar until he was old enou g h t o rule. in 1560, Akbar forced Ba iram Khan to retire, assum in g rule as an absolut e monarch. H is adm in ist rative p ol ic ies, m il itary ex p lo its, and cul tural ass im ila tion led to h is re ig n be in g known as t he g olden a g e of t he Mu g hal Em p ire. e Second B~ttle of Pan ip at (1556, The Second Batt le of Pan ip a t, fou g h t on 5 November 1556, was a s ig n ifican t one fo ug h t be tween Akbar, and t he fo rces of Hemu. Hemu was a H indu ruler who had declared h imsel f k in g a fter defeatin g Akbar's fo rces in t he Battle of Delh i in 1556. However, Akbar was able to reg rou p h is fo rces and under an army led by Ba iram Khan defea ted h im in the Second Ba ttle of Pan ip a t la ter that y ear. Th is v ict ory hel p ed consol idate Mu g hal rule over nor thern Ind ia. and as es tab lished them as t he dom inan t p ol itical and m il itary fo rce in nor thern Ind ia. Th is ba ttle was also the earl ies t exam p le of Akbar's sk ill as a m il itar y leader and hel p ed establ ish h is re p uta tion. b~ 刁 sa 吨 氐a 巧1 leader 歹 Akbar was a sk illed warr ior and ex p anded-h is em p ire throug h a ser ies o f m ilitar y con q ues t br in g ing Nort hern Ind ia, Rajp u tana, Gujarat, and Ben g al under Mug hal con tro l. He establ ished a st rong navy , fig htin g ag a inst t he Port u g uese in Goa in 1570. The c ity was ca p t ured a fter a lor s ieg e and weakened t he Por t u g uese hold in the re g ion. By 1575, Akbar ruled over a vas t and h ig hl y p ros p erous em p ire across much of t he subcontinent. In the la ter y ears of h is re ig n. Akbar a iso restored h is cont rol over Kabul, br in g in g t he reg ion under Mu g hal au thor ity. Throu g hou t h is re ig n, Akbar had to contend w it h p owe rful enem ies both w ith in and ou ts ide h is em p ire. As ide from Hemu, the H indu ruler whom Akbar defea ted in t he Second Ba ttle o f Pan ip a t. anot her s ig n ifican t r ival was Rana Pra ta p , a Rajp ut warr ior who re fused to subm it to Mu g hal rule. Pra t a p wa g ed a g uerr illa war a g a inst t he Mu g hal forces, and des p ite several a ttem p ts, Akbar 呴 unable t o def ea t h im. Prata p p roved t o be a wo rthy adversar y. earn ing Akbar's res p ect des p ite the ir r ivalry. The em p eror we p t when he heard of Prat a p 's dea th in 1597. Anot her o p p onent Akbar faced was h is brother M irza Hakim. who rebelled a g a ins t h im, seiz int:, con t rol of Kabul, Kandahar, and some p a rts of Punjab. Akbar in itiall y tried to neg o tia te with 1111~.. but f a il in g t ha t, soon marched h is forces int o Afg han is tan and de fea ted h im in 1581. p ardoned M irza Hak im and allowed h im to l ive ou t the res t o f h is l ife in p eace. Akbar was in telligen t and he en g ::i g ed in leng thy in tellectu al deba tes and discuss ions wi th h is own o fficials and wi th ma ny vis itors from overseas, includ in g Jesu it p 百es ts and ambassadors from th Ott oman Em p ire and from El江 abe :.han En gl ;ind ． 具 IT 17 THE BEGINNING OF THE MUG HAL EMPIRE 玄 擘 Akbar was very c叩cerned·about the fa irness and justice of h is rul 芍 如 the Mug hal Em p ire. H is g overnmen t was well- ~ ised and he was determ ined tha t the local p eo p le be w_ell-treated and for th is reason he chan g ed some of the taxa tion p ol ic ies tha t had p rev iousl y been in use. No nf Musl ims d id not have to p ay the s p ec ial jizya t ax, and there were to be no p ay ments taken from p ilg rims g o in g to H indu shr ines. The tax sy stem was to be un iversal and teh p ur S ikr i, based on land and cro ps. u ilt by Akbar the Grea Akbar showed a g rea ter tolerance towards h is H indu 穸 subjects by restr ictin g the slau g hter of cows for bee f- He marr ied a H indu Rajp u t p r incess, 丿 odha Ba i, who was g iven the title'Mar iam-uz-Zaman i'as was the cus tom o f the Mu g hal court. She g ave b ir th to Akbar's successor, J ahan g ir. Akbar became a follower o f the Su fi sa in t Sal im Ch ish ti and_~e w_~ !)t to ask fo r s p ec ial p ray ers fo r a son ~nd he ir. When Akbar had three sons, he became so devo ted t o t he hol y man tha t he had a new ca p ital c ity bu il t around t he area where Sal i m l i ved. or e, Fo ． 勹r 一”t 压 · ． Ji]平 ，｀ 7 Akbar called the new c ity Fa teh p ur S ikr i.I t was loca ted in a remote p ar t o f the coun try and far from an y re g ular wa t er 沪 su p p l y, bu t Akbar's en g ineers were able to dev ise means of trans p or tin g wa ter u p to its h ill to p. Akbar was h imsel f p art o f the team tha t des ig ned and bu il t the c ity. One o f its key bu ild in g s was the D iwan-i-khas, or the'hall o f p r iva te aud ience'. In its cen tre was a p illar, o p en to all a t t he base, on to p of wh ich was a p la tfo rm, connec ted to t he ed g es by br id g es. Akbar sa t in the cen tre and h is d iscuss ions could be overheard by p eo p le l is ten in g s ilen tl y below. Akbar la id the fo unda tions o f the Lahore For t and t he A g ra For t wh ich were la ter rebu il t b y h is successors over t he cen tur ies. The y show how the weal th o f the em p ire was used to bu ild awe- ins p ir in g s truc tures tha t were secure for ts, as well as grand p alaces. °' 仁0?0  U 肖IT 17 iHE BEG I i; :1111 G CF iii: Spread o f Su fism dur in g the Mu ghal Era The Mu g hal era was an im p ort an t time for t he develo p men t of Su fism and Su fi l itera t ure. ! re fers t o m y st ic ism, f eat ur in g t he search for s p irit ual t ru t h and d iscover in g t he ul tima te r lose connecti on w it h God. Many Mu g hal Em p erors were p at rons of Su fism, o ften p a rt c orders; f or exam p le Babur, t he first Mu g hal Em p eror, was from t he Na qshbandiy ah order. ird Mu g hal Em p eror Akbar was p art o f t he Ch ish tiy ah s ils ilah (order). The S ufi t each in gs of s p ir it ual ity , love, and harmony s p read across t he subcon tinen t due em p has is la id u p on learn in g dur in g t he Mu g hal era. Many Su fi sa in t s rece ived p a t rona g e b em p erors dur in g t he ir time, who encoura g ed t hem t o form instit u tions and estab lish th~ i S ufi shr ines were g enerall y well-ma in t a ined due t o f re q uen t v is it s from Mu g hal em p erors saw t o t he f und in g o f Su fi learn in g. Su fism has p la y ed a s ig n ifican t p art in sha p in g Musl ir by no t onl y em p has is in g s p ir it ual ma tt ers bu t also educa tin g and enl ig h ten in g the masses..he key as p ect s o f Su fi worsh ip is t he p ractice of dh ikr, wh ich involves t he remembran~ f Su行 s have also been inst rumen t al in s p read in g Islam in t he re g ion t hrou g h t he ir m iss i educa t ional endeavours. sa A li ibn Usman al-Hajver i扫 :?, (1009-1072): Commonl y known as Da ta Gan丿 Bakhsh,_...,, in f luen t ial Su fi sa in t in t he subcon tinen t. H is teach in g s revolved around inner p ur ific, seek in g d iv ine love, and a tt a in in g s p ir it ual enl ig h tenmen t , em p has is in g a d irec t ex p er ienc t he d iv ine. H is mausoleum, known as Da t a Darbar, is loca t ed in Lahore. Pak is tan. ．Khwaj a Mo inudd in Ch ish t i.J:心,;;; , (1141-1236): Also known as Ghar ib Nawaz. he was th o f t he Ch ish ti order in Ind ia and p la y ed a s ig n ifican t role in s p read in g Su fism in the subc 心 H is darg ah (shr ine) in Ajmer, Ra」as t han, is a p o p ular p il g r ima g e s it e. ．Lal Shahbaz Qalandar--::1 仁切 (1177-127 4): He was a revered teacher and p oe t. a s y mbol o f s p ir it ual ecs tas y , love, and harmon y in t he Su fi t rad ition. H is mes inclus iv ity , h ig hl ig h tin g t he un ity o f all human ity. H is devo tional p oe try. p r imar il y c S indh i, re f lect s h is dee p s p ir it ual connect ion and love for t he d iv ine. Hrs shr ine i"' Sehwan Shar if, Pak is tan. ．Bahaudd in Zakar iy a-::- 少 (1170-1262): A member of the Suhraward iyy a Su fi or Zakar iy a ded ica t ed h is l ife t o em p has is in g t he inner d imens ions o f Islam. focusln p u rifica t ion of t he heart and t he a tta inmen t o f s p ir it ual enl ig h tenment. He was a s tron g a f or sel f-d isc ip l ine, renunc ia tion o f worldl y des ires. and the p rac tice o f rcmembrnnc (dh ikr) as a means o f s p ir itual eleva t ion. H is shr ine is loca ted in Mul tan, Pc.1 ~tis tan. She ikh Ahmad S irh ind i产 -;.? _ (1564-1624): G iven the title Mujadd1d Al f-S a qshband i Su fi order, em p has is in g t he adherence to Islam ic law, TcJ wh 心 of t he hear t. H is t each in g s cen t red the idea o f o p tin g for a balanced a p p roac... harmon ised ou tward rel ig ious du ties w ith inward s p ir itual g row th. HIT 17 THE BEGINNING OF THE MUG HAL EMPIRE 肉 l Fill in the blanks w it h the correct in forma tion. i. The Mu ghals be gan in a small Turk ic-Mon gol k in gdom called_ in Cen t ral As ia. ii. Babur's son and successor, _, faced endless stru ggles kee p ing hold of t he em p ire after 1530, and lost t he Mu ghal Em p ire to_ in 1540. 1 iii. Durin g —— 's rule, the Mu ghal Em p ire tr ip led in s ize and weal t h. He crea t e~- a ~owe rful - and in troduc;d effective p o.lit ical and soc ial chan ges. He was t he first Mu ghal ruler to w in t he t rust and loy al ty of the na tive subjec ts by - - iv. Sher Shah Sur i bu il t the_— —wh ich connected Ben gal and Punjab. v. ~~bar's governmen t rev ised t he _ sy st em and h is _ p o licy was more ~ t than those of h is p redecessors ~ factor m p ire in Ind ia? ln wha t wa y s was Babur an ext raord inary Ieader o f the Mu ghaIs? 勺 4 ~~~e _h istor ians call H ~u a gree w it h th is? Su p p or t y our answer w ith h istoricaI ev idence. ~ow much con=Akbar t he Grea t. ~br i n ~hals ~r time? Wha t were some of the chaIIen ges and obstacIes faced by the earI y Mu ghal em p erors m mam tam in g the ir ruIe over such a vas t and d iverse tem tory? 、 2 -- ~ a timel ine de ta il in g Babur's r ise to p ower. ~~~ t~nd tha t y ou are Babur· when he was 12 y ears old, a t the time when he assume~ the t hrone. Wrl te a dIar y fea t unn g y our thou gh ts and mcIude y our goaIs for y oursel f and y our em p ire. ~r~~e. abou t i50 words to p romote a new book on the Mu ghal Em p ire. Th is should ;f ex p Ia in t ha t the bookIS abou t the SI gn 巾c;nce the fir; t three~M~ ghal ·Em p erors: Ba bur, Huma y un, and Akbar, and teII someth in g abou t them to encoura ge p eo p Ie to wan t to bu y he book.  ”“17 7 庄 5 了 Babur inher it ed t he small k in gdom o f Ferghana. Babur es tabl i shed h i msel f as the ruler o f Kabu l. Babur de f ea t ed Ibrah im Lodh i a t t he Ba ttle o f Pan ip a t and tile Mu gh 纠 Em p ire was es t abl ished. Babur d ied and Huma y un succeeded to the Mu ghal Em p ire. Akbar was born i n Umerko t. Huma y un reca p t ured Kabul and Mu ghal rule was res to red. Huma y un res tored the Mu ghal throne in Delh i. Huma y un d i ed and Akbar became the nex t Mu ghal de fea ted t he Sur is in the Second Ba ttle o f PcJ n ip ;,,.  The Ex pans ion and Decl ine o f the Mu ghal Em p ire By the end of the chapt er, students wlll: - Desc ribe the causes ofthe decl ine of Mugh al Em pire. Explain whyAuran孚eb started to lose h is po wers gradual/y. Describe Bahadur Shah Zafa r'.s Reig n as the last Mug hal Empe ror. Exp la in how the British took over the Subcon tinen t. Describe the challenges faced by Muslims a fter the decline of Mughals. How did Emperor Jahangir rule the Mughal Emp ire? The Mu g hals had estab li shed a vast em p ire on t he subcon tinen t by the be g inn in g of the seven teen t h cent ur y p articularl y under the leadersh ip of Em p eror Akbar, whose name mean t 'the Grea t'. H is son J ahan g ir succeeded h im in 1605. The real name o f J ahan g ir was Sal im (named a fter a Su fi sa in t, Sal im Ch ish ti of S ikr i). When he succeeded t he Mu g hal t hrone, he took the tit le of 'J ahan g ir'(mean in g 'world con q uere r'). Tra ined b y h is fa ther, he was well-versed in t he ar t o f k in g sh ip. He mas tered Arab ic, Pers ian, and Turk ish lan g ua g es a t a ver y y oun g a g e. He wrote h is memo irs'Tuzk- e-J ahang iri'wh ich recorded in teres tin g inc iden t s and h is observa tions o f p eo p le he me t and the p laces he t ravelled. Emperor J ahan 护 He was a g rea t p a tron of cul ture and ar t. The ar t of the M 砌al: ~.our~hed_ in h is re ig n, and Euro p ean v is itors to t he cour t were encoura g ed t o share tl1_e 1deas o f the Rena issance WI th the em p eror and hIS arUs t s. J ahan g w aIso foIIowed h is fa t her's olerance in rel ig ion, al thou g h he d id no t con tinue t he idea o f fo l~~~ i-~~--A~~~~.~ -~;w ~n iversal fa ith- He was a 丿us t and faw ruIer. Ou ts ide hIS cast Ie m A g ra, he had se t u p a `cham o f 」us tice' for_h i-~ p eo p le so the y couId a p p roach hm a t an y tIme o f t he da fe 叭 lon g and had sl xty beIls. Wh y or m g h t to seek jus tice. I t was e ig h ty en an a gg r1eved p erson shook t he cha in, t he nOlse f rom t he ra ttIIng beIIs a ttrac ted the a ttenhon o f the o fficIaIs and t he k t o I