Chapter 15 Notes - Psychological Disorders PDF

12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote Chapter 15 Notes – Psychological Disorders Monday, December 02, 2024 9:52 PM 15.1 Defining and classifying psychological disorders Abnormal psychology: the psyc...

12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote Chapter 15 Notes – Psychological Disorders Monday, December 02, 2024 9:52 PM 15.1 Defining and classifying psychological disorders Abnormal psychology: the psychological study of mental illness Maladaptive: cause distress to oneself or others, impair day-to-day functioning, or increase the risk of injury or harm to oneself or others Asylums: residential facilities for the mentally ill Medical model: sees psychological conditions through the same lens as Western medicine tends to see physical conditions – as a set of symptoms, causes, and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes in order to alleviate symptoms Psychosis: when an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): a standardized manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders Autism spectrum disorder: a developmental disorder associated with poor social skills and that may be accompanied by intellectual impairments Culture-bound syndromes: expressions of distress that are recognized across a given culture but that tend not to appear outside of that culture Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD): a developmental disorder in which children show inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity while also having problems maintaining their attention on people or activities Mental disorder defense: the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that they could not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong Understand advantages and criticisms associated with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) Using the DSM-5-TR ensures that all psychologists and psychiatrists are using the same criteria to define different psychological disorders; this improves the reliability and consistency of psychological diagnoses. However, the DSM-5-TR has faced many criticisms. First, psychologists need to decide if a symptom is sever enough to warrant treatment. Second, the number of symptoms that must be present before a disorder is diagnosed seems somewhat arbitrary (ex. Five out of nine possible symptoms). Third, although the large number of possible disorders may make it easier for mental health workers to make a diagnosis, it may also lead to unnecessary diagnosis. Fourth, there is currently a need for more biological or genetic markers to be added to the diagnostic criteria for many disorders 15.3 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Depressive Disorders Anxiety disorders: a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational and maladaptive Generalized anxiety disorder: frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally from the normal challenges and stresses of everyday life Panic disorder: an anxiety disorder marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear Panic attacks: brief moments of extreme anxiety that includes a rush of physical activity paired with frightened thoughts Agoraphobia: an intense fear of having a panic attack in public; as a result of this fear, the individual may begin to avoid public settings and increasingly isolate themself Phobia: a sever, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation Specific phobia: an intense fear of a specific object, activity, or organism Social anxiety disorder: a very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed or humiliated in public Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): plagued by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), and engage in repetitive, often quite realistic behaviors (compulsions) Major depression: a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness Diathesis-stress model: interaction between a genetic predisposition for a disorder and life stress Bipolar disorder: aka manic depression, characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy Understand the different types of anxiety disorders Although anxiety disorders share many similar symptoms, they differ in terms of what brings about the symptoms and the intensity of the responses. The cues that trigger anxiety vary widely. In generalized anxiety disorder, just about anything may cause anxiety, whereas in specific phobias, and individual fears only certain objects. Likewise, the frequency and intensity of anxious feelings can range from near-constant worrying or brief periods of highly intense anxiety in phobias and panic disorder Understand how anxiety or depressive disorders can be self-perpetuating Both depression and anxiety are characterized by a vicious cycle: with anxiety, anxious or fearful thoughts can lead to physiological arousal. Physiological arousal can lead to escape and avoidance to get rid of the immediate fear, which in turn reinforces the anxious thoughts. In depression, a similar pattern can occur with depressed thoughts, self-blame, and social withdrawal. https://uoguelphca-my.sharepoint.com/personal/earsen03_uoguelph_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={01d70ce3-af9d-4277-a520-1927b6af8230}… 1/2 12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote https://uoguelphca-my.sharepoint.com/personal/earsen03_uoguelph_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={01d70ce3-af9d-4277-a520-1927b6af8230}… 2/2