Introduction to Emerging Technologies PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction to Emerging Technologies 1 Outline  Evolution of Technologies  Introduction to Industrial Revolution  Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)  Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)  Role of Data for Emerging Technologies  Enabling Dev...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Emerging Technologies 1 Outline  Evolution of Technologies  Introduction to Industrial Revolution  Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)  Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)  Role of Data for Emerging Technologies  Enabling Devices and Networks for Technologies  Human to Machine Interaction  Future Trends in Emerging Technologies 2  Learning Objectives  After completing this section, the students will be able to:  Develop knowledge about the era of industrial evolutions  Identify the technological advances in industrial revolution stages  Describe the technological innovations that spurred industrialization  Identifies and understand the programmable devices  Understand concepts relating to human-computer interaction.  Develop general knowledge about emerging technologies 3  Evolution of Technologies  Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new technology.  It may also refer to the continuing development of existing technology.  It can have slightly different meanings when used in different areas, such as media, business, science, or education.  It commonly refers to technologies that are currently developing, or that are expected to be available within the next five to ten years, and is usually reserved for technologies that are creating or are expected to create significant social or economic effects.  Technological Revolution is a theory of radical transformation of society through technological development. 4  Cont’d…  Technology  Originally referring to grammar, from techno (art, craft) + logy (subject of study or interest).  From Greek tekhnologia "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique,"  The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial arts" is first recorded in 1859.  The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.  Evolution  Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes.  This noun is from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or opening," combined from the prefix e-, "out," plus volvere, "to roll." 5  Cont’d… List of some currently available emerged technologies  Artificial Intelligence  The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.  Blockchain  A system in which a record of transactions (digital ledger) made in bitcoin or another cryptocurrency are maintained across several computers that are linked in a peer-to-peer network.  Augmented Reality  A technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view. 6  Cont’d…  Virtual Reality The computer-generated simulation of a 3D image or  environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with sensors.  Cloud Computing  The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.  Internet of Things (IoT)  IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. 7  Cont’d…  DevOps  DevOps (Development and Operations) is an enterprise software development phrase used to mean a type of agile relationship between development and IT operations.  Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)  Intelligent apps are applications that use historical and real-time data from user interactions and other sources to make predictions and suggestions, delivering personalized and adaptive user experiences.  Big Data  Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behavior and interactions.  Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)  Robotic process automation (RPA) is the use of software with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high- volume, repeatable tasks that previously required humans to perform. 8  Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)  The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.  An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make products to use new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories.  The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to make labor more effective and efficient or productive.  The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories.  This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work. 9  Cont’d…  The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870.  Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass making, and agriculture all had undergone changes.  First industrial revolution  Mechanization through water and steam power  Second industrial revolution  Mass production and assembly lines using electricity  Third industrial revolution  Adoption of computers and automation  Fourth industrial revolution  Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and machine learning. 10  Cont’d…  The following industrial revolutions fundamentally changed and transfer the world around us into modern society.  The steam engine,  The age of science and mass production, and  The rise of digital technology  Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and machine learning.  The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution  Transportation: Steam Engine, Railroad, Diesel Engine, Airplane.  Communication: Telegraph, Transatlantic Cable, Phonograph, Telephone.  Industry: Cotton Gin, Sewing Machine, Electric Lights. 11  Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)  The first European countries to be industrialized after England were Belgium, France, and the German states.  The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects created by the Agricultural Revolution.  The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century due in part to an increase in food production, which was the key outcome of the Agricultural Revolution.  The four types of industries are:  The primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming, and fishing.  The secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.  Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.  The quaternary industry involves research and development industries e.g. IT. 12  Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)  The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition to new manufacturing processes.  The transitions in the first IR included going from hand production methods to machines, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Figure: steam engine 13  Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)  The Second IR, also known as the Technological Revolution, began somewhere in the 1870s.  The advancements in IR 2.0 included the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and widespread adoption of pre-existing technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks.  Moreover, new technological systems were introduced, such as electrical power and telephones. Figure: Electricity transmission line 14  Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)  IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics in late 1950s.  Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given the nickname, “Digital Revolution”.  The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived technologies such as the computer, handphones and the Internet.  Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0 is still being practiced until this current day. E.g.: digital computers and digital record. Figure: High Tech Electronics 15  Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)  IR 4.0 was coined by Klaus Schwab (the founder and executive chairman of World Economic Forum, in the year 2016) come with advancements in various technologies such as robotics, Internet of Things, additive manufacturing and autonomous vehicles.  The technologies mentioned above are what you call cyber- physical systems.  A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its users.  One example that is being widely practiced in industries today is the usage of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.  These machines are operated by giving it instructions using a 16 computer.  Cont’d…  Another major breakthrough that is associated with IR 4.0 is the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI), where we can see it being implemented into our smartphones.  AI is also one of the main elements that give life to Autonomous Vehicles and Automated Robots. Figure: Anybody Connected device (ABCD) 17 Role of Data for Emerging Technologies  Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset.  We are living in the age of big data, and drives or even determines the future of science, technology, the economy, and possibly everything in our world today and tomorrow.  Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring incredible innovation and economic opportunities.  This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just by data itself but all other aspects that could be created, transformed, and/or adjusted by understanding, exploring, and utilizing data. 18  Cont’d…  The preceding trend and its potential have triggered new debate about data-intensive scientific discovery as an emerging technology, the so-called “fourth industrial revolution”.  The potential of data science and analytics to enable data-driven theory, economy, and professional development is increasingly being recognized.  This involves not only core disciplines such as computing, informatics, and statistics, but also the broad-based fields of business, social science, and health/medical science. 19  Enabling devices and network (Programmable devices)  In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of devices: memory, microprocessors, logic, and networks.  Memory  Devices store random information such as the contents of a spreadsheet or database.  Microprocessors  Execute software instructions to perform a wide variety of tasks such as running a word processing program or video game.  Logic devices  Provide specific functions, including device-to-device interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data display, timing and control operations, and almost every other function a system must perform.  Network  Is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. E.g.: Internet 20  Cont’d…  Programmable devices usually refer to chips that incorporate field programmable logic devices (FPLDs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLD) and programmable logic devices (PLD).  There are also devices that are the analog equivalent of these called field-programmable analog arrays. Figure: programmable 21 device Cont’d… Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?  Because what makes a computer a computer is that it follows a set of instructions.  Many electronic devices are computers that perform only one operation, but they are still following instructions that reside permanently in the unit. List of some Programmable devices Achronix Speedster SPD60 Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3 Actel’s Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002 Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX Silicon Blue Technologies Atmel’s AT91CAP7L Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6 Cypress Semiconductor’s Xmos Semiconductor L series programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) family 22 Cont’d…  A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:  Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit (DSU)  Modems  Routers  Switches  Conferencing equipment  Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)  Hosting equipment and servers 23  Human to Machine Interaction  Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the communication and interaction between a human and a machine via a user interface.  Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have gained increasing attention as they allow humans to control machines through natural and intuitive behaviors.  What is interaction in human-computer interaction?  HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.  HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and the ways they work together. 24  Cont’d…  How do users interact with computers?  The user interacts directly with hardware for the human input and output such as displays, e.g. through a graphical user interface.  The user interacts with the computer over this software interface using the given input and output (I/O) hardware.  How important is human-computer interaction?  The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to the user's needs.  The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease of deployment & operations and cost savings for smaller set- ups.  They also reduce solution design time and integration complexity. 25  Cont’d…  Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)  Cognitive psychology  Limitations, information processing, performance prediction, cooperative working, and capabilities.  Computer science  Including graphics, technology, prototyping tools, user interface management systems.  Linguistics  Including natural language interfaces  Engineering and design  Engineering principles, graphics design  Artificial intelligence  Intelligent software  Human factors  Display readability, hardware design 26  Future Trends in Emerging Technologies  5G Networks  5G is the fifth generation wireless technology for digital cellular networks.  Artificial Intelligence (AI)  Autonomous Devices  Blockchain  Augmented Analytics  Digital Twins  Digital twin is the phrase used to describe a computerized (or digital) version of a physical asset and/or process.  Enhanced Edge Computing  Edge computing is transforming the way data is being handled, processed, and delivered from millions of devices around the world.  Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces  Smart Spaces area physical environments decked out with technology.  NB: Emerging technologies are affecting our lives and the future of our businesses, therefore; we have to adapt to these tools. 27 28 ?