The Language of Medicine: Respiratory System, PDF

The Language of Medicine th 13 edition Davi-Ellen Chabner 1  Chapter 12 Respiratory System 2  Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2) Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function. Identify...

The Language of Medicine th 13 edition Davi-Ellen Chabner 1  Chapter 12 Respiratory System 2  Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2) Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function. Identify various pathologic conditions that affect the system. Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration. 3  Chapter Goals (Slide 2 of 2) Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system and recognize relevant abbreviations. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 4 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.1 5  Introduction (Slide 1 of 2) External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs Immediately passes into capillaries Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled 6  Introduction (Slide 2 of 2) Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells Occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs 7  Respiratory Anatomy Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit 8 Anatomy of Respiration 9  Respiratory Structures Conduct air Exchange gases Nose Bronchioles Nasal cavities and Alveoli paranasal sinuses Lung capillaries Pharynx Larynx Trachea 10 Respiratory Flow Chart 11 Vocabulary (Slide 1 of 20) Term adenoids alveolus (plural: alveoli) apex of the lung 12  Vocabulary (Slide 2 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition adenoids Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils alveolus (plural: Air sac in the lung alveoli) apex of the lung Tip or uppermost portion of the lung 13 Vocabulary (Slide 3 of 20) Term base of the lung bronchioles bronchus (plural: bronchi) 14  Vocabulary (Slide 4 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition base of the lung The lower portion of the lung bronchioles The smallest branches of the bronchi bronchus (plural: The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a bronchi) passageway into the lung; bronchial tube 15 Vocabulary (Slide 5 of 20) Term carbon dioxide (CO2) cilia diaphragm 16  Vocabulary (Slide 6 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition carbon dioxide Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and (CO2) carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs cilia Thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract diaphragm Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out 17 Vocabulary (Slide 7 of 20) Term epiglottis expiration glottis 18  Vocabulary (Slide 8 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition epiglottis Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing expiration Breathing out (exhalation) glottis Slit-like opening to the larynx 19 Vocabulary (Slide 9 of 20) Term hilum (of lung) inspiration larynx 20  Vocabulary (Slide 10 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition hilum (of lung) Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs inspiration Breathing in (inhalation) larynx Voice box; contains the vocal cords 21 Vocabulary (Slide 11 of 20) Term lobe mediastinum nares 22  Vocabulary (Slide 12 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition lobe Division of a lung mediastinum The region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes nares Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities 23 Vocabulary (Slide 13 of 20) Term oxygen (O2) palatine tonsil 24  Vocabulary (Slide 14 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition oxygen (O2) Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells palatine tonsil One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx 25 Vocabulary (Slide 15 of 20) Term paranasal sinus parietal pleura pharynx 26  Vocabulary (Slide 16 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition paranasal sinus One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose parietal pleura Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall pharynx The throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx 27 Vocabulary (Slide 17 of 20) Term pleura pleural cavity pulmonary parenchyma 28  Vocabulary (Slide 18 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition pleura Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung pleural cavity Space between the folds of the pleura pulmonary Essential parts of the lung, responsible for parenchyma respiration; bronchioles and alveoli 29 Vocabulary (Slide 19 of 20) Term respiration trachea visceral pleura 30  Vocabulary (Slide 20 of 20) Term Meaning/Definition respiration The process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing trachea Windpipe visceral pleura Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue 31  QUICK QUIZ 1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung? A. Base B. Lobe C. Apex D. Nares 32 Combining Forms and Terminology (Slide 1 of 5) Combining Form Meaning adenoid/o adenoids alveol/o alveolus, air sac bronch/o bronchial tube bronchi/o bronchus bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus capn/o carbon dioxide 33 Combining Forms and Terminology (Slide 2 of 5) Combining Form Meaning coni/o dust cyan/o blue epiglott/o epiglottis laryng/o larynx, voice box lob/o lobe of the lung mediastin/o mediastinum 34 Combining Forms and Terminology (Slide 3 of 5) Combining Form Meaning nas/o nose orth/o straight, upright ox/o oxygen pector/o chest pharyng/o pharynx, throat phon/o voice 35 Combining Forms and Terminology (Slide 4 of 5) Combining Form Meaning phren/o diaphragm pleur/o pleura pneum/o air, lung pneumon/o lung pulmon/o lung rhin/o nose 36 Combining Forms and Terminology (Slide 5 of 5) Combining Form Meaning sinus/o sinus cavity spir/o breathing tel/o complete thorac/o chest tonsill/o tonsils trache/o trachea, windpipe 37  Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (Slide 1 of 1) Suffix Meaning -ema condition -osmia smell -pnea breathing -ptysis spitting -sphyxia pulse -thorax pleural cavity, chest 38 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.2 39 Diagnostic Terms Auscultation Percussion Pleural rub Rales (crackles Rhonchi (singular rhonchus) Sputum Stridor Wheezes 40  Pathology (Slide 1 of 4) Upper respiratory disorders Croup Diphtheria Epistaxis Pertussis 41  Pathology (Slide 2 of 4) Bronchial tube disorders Asthma Bronchiectasis Chronic bronchitis Cystic fibrosis 42  Pathology (Slide 3 of 4) Lung disorders Atelectasis Pulmonary edema Emphysema Pulmonary Lung cancer embolism (PE) Pneumoconiosis Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonia Sarcoidosis Pulmonary abscess Tuberculosis (TB) 43  Pathology Lung Disorders Atelectasis Two forms Proximal obstruction of distal airways Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in the pleural cavity 44  Pathology (Slide 4 of 4) Pleural disorders Mesothelioma Pleural effusion Pleurisy (pleuritis) Pneumothorax 45  Pathology Pleural Disorders Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity 46  Study Section Anthracosis Hydrothorax Asbestosis Infiltrate Bacilli Palliative Chronic obstructive Paroxysmal pulmonary disease Pulmonary infarction (COPD) Purulent Cor pulmonale Silicosis Exudate 47 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.3 48  Clinical Procedures (Slide 1 of 9) X-rays Chest x-ray (CXR) Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest Pulmonary angiography 49  Clinical Procedures (Slide 2 of 9) X-rays: radiographic imaging This is a normal chest x-ray taken from the PA (posteroanterior) view—x-ray passes from back to front. 50  Clinical Procedures (Slide 3 of 9) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): – magnetic waves create images 51  Clinical Procedures (Slide 4 of 9) Nuclear tests Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging 52  Clinical Procedures (Slide 5 of 9) Bronchoscopy: fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions 53  Clinical Procedures (Slide 6 of 9) Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway 54  Clinical Procedures (Slide 7 of 9) Laryngoscopy Thoracotomy Lung biopsy Thorascopy Mediastinoscopy Tracheostomy Pulmonary function Tuberculin test tests (PFTs) Tube thoracostomy Thoracentesis 55 Clinical Procedures (Slide 8 of 9) Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space 56  Clinical Procedures (Slide 9 of 9) Tracheostomy: surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck 57  Abbreviations (Slide 1 of 5) Abbreviation Meaning ABGs Arterial blood gases AFB Acid-fast bacillus ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome BAL Bronchioalveolar lavage Bronch Bronchoscopy CF Cystic fibrosis CO2 Carbon dioxide COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 58  Abbreviations (Slide 2 of 5) Abbreviation Meaning C&S Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum) CTPA Computed tomography pulmonary angiography CXR Chest x-ray (film) DICO Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide DOE Dyspnea on exertion DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second FVC Forced vital capacity ICU Intensive care unit 59  Abbreviations (Slide 3 of 5) Abbreviation Meaning LLL Left lower lobe (of lung) LUL Left upper lobe (of lung) MAC Mycobacterium avium MDI Metered-dose inhaler NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer O2 Oxygen OSA Obstructive sleep apnea PaCO2 Carbon dioxide partial pressure PaO2 Oxygen partial pressure PCP Pneumocystis pneumonia PE Pulmonary embolism 60  Abbreviations (Slide 4 of 5) Abbreviation Meaning PEP Positive expiratory pressure PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure PFTs Pulmonary function tests PND Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea PPD Purified protein derivative RDS Respiratory distress syndrome RLL Right lower lobe (of lung) RML Right middle lobe RSV Respiratory syncytial virus RUL Right upper lobe (of lung) RV Residual volume 61  Abbreviations (Slide 5 of 5) Abbreviation Meaning SABA Short-acting beta agonist SCLC Small cell lung cancer SOB Shortness of breath TB Tuberculosis TLC Total lung capacity URI Upper respiratory infection VT Tidal volume VATS Video-assisted thoracic surgery VC Vital capacity V/Q scan Ventilation-perfusion scan 62 Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 1 of 10) Combining Form adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o bronchi/o bronchiol/o capn/o 63  Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 2 of 10) Combining Form Meaning adenoid/o adenoids alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac bronch/o bronchial tube bronchi/o bronchial tube bronchiol/o bronchiole capn/o carbon dioxide 64 Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 3 of 10) Combining Form coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o mediastin/o 65  Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 4 of 10) Combining Form Meaning coni/o dust cyan/o blue epiglott/o epiglottis laryng/o larynx (voice box) lob/o lobe mediastin/o mediastinum 66 Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 5 of 10) Combining Form nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o 67  Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 6 of 10) Combining Form Meaning nas/o nose orth/o straight ox/o oxygen pector/o chest pharyng/o throat (pharynx) phon/o voice; sound 68 Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 7 of 10) Combining Form phren/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o 69  Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 8 of 10) Combining Form Meaning phren/o diaphragm; mind pleur/o pleura pneum/o lung; air; gas pneumon/o lung; air; gas pulmon/o lung rhin/o nose 70 Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 9 of 10) Combining Form sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o 71  Review Sheet – Combining Forms (Slide 10 of 10) Combining Form Meaning sinus/o sinus spir/o to breathe tel/o complete thorac/o chest tonsill/o tonsil trache/o trachea (windpipe) 72 Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 1 of 2) Suffix -ema -osmia -pnea -ptysis -sphyxia -thorax 73 Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 2 of 2) Suffix Meaning -ema condition -osmia smell -pnea breathing -ptysis spitting -sphyxia pulse -thorax chest; pleural cavity 74