Changing Cities Revision Notes PDF

## Changing Cities ### An Urban World - Over the last 50 years, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and in different ways in developed, emerging and developing countries. - These occur with different effects. #### Global Trends - More than half the world's population now lives in town...

## Changing Cities ### An Urban World - Over the last 50 years, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and in different ways in developed, emerging and developing countries. - These occur with different effects. #### Global Trends - More than half the world's population now lives in towns and cities as a result of urbanisation. - Current trends predict that the urban population could rise to 5 billion by 2030. #### Variations - In developed countries, the main cause of urbanisation is industrialisation. - For example, in the UK in the 18th/19th centuries the mechanisation of farming and rise of factory jobs meant people moved from rural areas to cities. - In emerging and developing countries, recent rapid urbanisation has been caused by: - rural to urban migration - people moving from rural areas for a better quality of life - natural increase - birth rates in these countries are higher than death rates #### Effects - As urbanisation increases and cities grow: - in developing countries, illegal, unplanned shanty towns often develop - air, noise and water pollution all increase - gap between rich and poor widens - often more in emerging and developing countries - investment increases, leading to greater economic opportunities. #### Worked Example - Study the graph (opposite) of some of the world's largest cities. 1. Calculate the difference between the populations of Tokyo and Mexico City (1 mark) 2. Explain one effect of rapid urbanisation in emerging countries like Brazil. (2 marks) #### Now Try This - Explain one factor that has caused variations in urbanisation rates between emerging and developed countries (2 marks) ### UK Urbanisation Differences - A range of factors has caused the rate and degree of urbanisation to vary between different regions and centres in the UK. #### Why Population Density Varies - In the north, the population density tends to be lower because there are fewer major cities and the high relief of the land makes it more difficult to build settlements. - The population density may also be lower in certain parts of the UK because of the climate. - In Scotland, the cooler climate makes living in the area more difficult due to more extreme weather conditions. - One of the reasons for the higher urban populations in the UK is the location of ports - For example, Liverpool is a densely populated city because of its port, which provides opportunities for industry and employment. #### Worked Example - Explain two factors that cause differences in the rate of urbanisation between different UK regions (4 marks) #### Now Try This - Study the choropleth map of population density above. Describe the relationship between population distribution and the UK's main urban centres (3 marks) ### Context and Structure - You will need to know the site, situation, connectivity and structure of a named city in the UK。 - Here we look at Birmingham as an example. #### Birmingham - **Site**: located on Birmingham plateau in a prime part of the Midlands region; began as a small village, built on a dry point site, south-facing sandstone ridge. - **Situation**: located centrally in England, Birmingham has excellent road links to the north and south. - **Connectivity**: a range of transport networks connecting the city at different scales: Birmingham International Airport, Birmingham New Street railway station, easy access to M5, M6, M6 toll and M42, providing national links to the West Midlands. - **Cultural**: a multicultural city with an estimated 22 per cent of the population born outside the UK. In the 2011 Census, 13.5 per cent defined themselves as Pakistani and 6 per cent as Indian. - **Environmental**: Birmingham is one of the leading cities for parks, with an estimated 571 parks covering 3500 hectares. In 2010, the city was ranked 15th for sustainable cities in the UK. #### Worked Example - For a named UK city, explain the function and land use of the CBD (4 marks) #### Now Try This - Explain the site and situation of a major UK city (3 marks) ### A Changing UK City - You will need to know how a named UK city is being changed by movements of people, employment and services. #### Processes that change a city - **Urbanisation**: - influenced by manufacturing, e.g. jewellery - small housing built for workers coming in from countryside, e.g. Small Heath - **Suburbanisation**: - 1920s rising population meant building new housing on outskirts of city - new estates, mainly semi-detached houses - **Counter-urbanisation**: - five new comprehensive development areas built in inner city - people forced out of urban areas to places like Redditch - **Re-urbanisation**: - more people want to live in centre again, close to work/amenities - modernisation of flats and building of new apartments near canal #### Worked Example - Describe the population pyramid for the city of Birmingham. (3 marks) #### National Migration - In Birmingham, the main causes are: - people moving out to retirement destinations in the south, such as Bournemouth - people moving in because increased investment in Birmingham's CBD has created more employment opportunities. #### International Migration - In Birmingham, the main causes are: - people moving in currently who have fled conflict in countries such as Syria - people moving in in the past in response to employee shortages, encouraged by the UK government to fill key job posts. #### Impacts of Migration 1. Younger population: with migrants settling in Birmingham, the percentage of people aged 20-35 is higher than the UK average - 66 per cent of the population is under 45. 2. Multiculturalism: 42 per cent of residents are from ethnic groups other than white; 16 per cent do not have English as a main language. 3. Ethnic communities: in the 1970s many migrants settled in Sparkbrook and Sparkhill (cheaper housing). Communities have developed with their own shops, places of worship. 4. Housing: in 2015, it was estimated that the city's housing demands were higher than expected, rising by an extra 5000. 5. Services: having more people in the city is putting increased pressure on key services, such as GP surgeries. #### Now Try This - Explain how international migration can impact on cities (4 marks) ### Globalisation and Economic Change - You will need to know the causes of deindustrialisaton (the decline of industries in an area) and the impacts this has had on a named UK city. #### Population Characteristics of Birmingham - In 2014, Birmingham had a total population of approximately 1.1 million people - an increase of 9.9 per cent since 2004. - Birmingham has a youthful population. In 2014, 22.9 per cent of the population were children - approximately 19 per cent higher than both the regional and national averages. - In 2014, 13.1 per cent of people living in Birmingham were of pensionable age - lower than both the regional (18.0 per cent) and national (17.6 per cent) averages. - The key reasons for population growth in Birmingham City are an increase in the number of births, a rise in international migration and a declining death rate from improved health care. #### Worked Example - Study the graph opposite, which shows the projected change in broad age groups in Birmingham from 2012 to 2032. - Describe the projected trend illustrated on the graph. (3 marks) #### Now Try This - Explain two causes of deindustrialisation in UK cities. (4 marks) ### City Inequalities - You will need to know how economic change is increasing inequality in a named UK city, and what the differences in quality of life are. #### Economic Structure - Recent deindustrialisation and population increases have changed Birmingham's economic structure. - The main reasons for economic change in Birmingham are the decline in manufacturing industry and lack of investment. - Deprivation is a way of measuring people's access to general resources and opportunities. - 40 per cent of Birmingham's population live in areas that are among the most deprived in England. - During 2004-2007 Birmingham was ranked as the most deprived local authority in the West Midlands. - Sutton Four Oaks is in the top 5 per cent of least deprived SOAs in the UK. - Deprivation is high in inner city areas of Birmingham, but also exists in the suburbs. ##### Areas of Deprivation in Birmingham - Birmingham is divided into Super Output Areas, or SOAs. Each SOA is awarded a score for different aspects of deprivation,. #### Worked Example - Study the graph of SOAs in major UK cities. - Which city has the lowest percentage of most deprived 25% SOAs in England? (1 Mark) #### Now Try This - Describe the distribution of SOAs in Birmingham to show areas of deprivation. (3 marks) ### Retailing Changes - You will need to know about recent changes in retailing and the impact they have had on a named UK city. #### Birmingham's Changing CBD - **19th Century:** People move away from city to suburbs to avoid increasing pollution levels - **1870s:** Manufacturing Industries relocate to suburbs. - **1970s/80s:** Shopping outlets move to edge- and out-of-town locations like Merry Hill #### Decline in CBD - As Birmingham's CBD has declined, so has retailing there. - To address this the city council has supported redevelopment projects including the Bullring and Grand Central shopping centres. #### New Shopping Centres - Edge- and out-of-town centres have advantages: - for retailers - cheaper, larger units than in CBD - for consumers - free, easy parking; all stores under one roof #### Rise of Internet Shopping - The rise in internet shopping since the late 1990s has reduced numbers of consumers using the CBD. - Benefits include: - 24-hour shopping - special discounts - 'armchair' shopping #### Worked Example - Explain how changes in retailing can have an impact on a city. (3 marks) #### Now Try This ##### Impact of Decentralisation in Birmingham - The movement of shops to out-of-town locations like Merry Hill caused a 12 per cent decline in trade in the CBD. - The movement of shops to Merry Hill resulted in the redevelopment of what was originally a brownfield site. Redevelopment of the CBD through new projects like the Mailbox and Bullring has now seen a growth in trade. - Suggest how internet shopping can impact on retailing in cities. (2 marks) ### City Living - You need to know how a named UK city can use a range of strategies to make urban living more sustainable and improve quality of life. #### Worked Example - Explain the strategies used by a UK city to improve sustainability. (4 marks) #### Employment and Education - Youth unemployment in Birmingham has reduced in recent years, from 12 per cent in 2014 to 9 per cent in 2015. - The council has introduced the Youth Promise pledge that aims to provide employment, education and training for those aged 14-25. - The city council works closely with schools and universities through the Birmingham Education Partnership to recruit and retain teachers. - The city has 17 teaching schools - one of the highest numbers in the country. #### Affordable Housing - Birmingham Municipal Housing Trust and Capita have been working together to build new affordable housing for residents. - A total of 1576 houses have been built across different areas of the city under this scheme. - In 2015, a new affordable housing development was started in Solihull with the building of 13 one-bedroom and 14 two-bedroom apartments. #### Housing and Health - In February 2016, Birmingham announced a new £59 million project to improve the energy efficiency of homes: - The city council plans to improve insulation in people's homes by installing new windows and more efficient heating systems - Residents' monthly bills will be lower and the city's CO2 emissions reduced. - The city is working with Healthy Villages to improve the health and wellbeing of its residents by improving access to services. #### Now Try This - Explain one strategy used by a city to improve standards of living. (2 marks) ### Context and Structure - You will need to know the site, situation, connectivity and structure of a chosen city in a developing or emerging country. Here we will look at Mexico City - a major city in a developing country. #### Mexico City - **Site:** began as a settlement on an island in Lake Texcoco in Aztec times (14th-16th century) - **Situation:** located on the Central Plateau, a flat landscape surrounded by mountains and volcanoes. - **Connectivity:** major highways make it the main link between North and South America. It is the national base for theatre, TV and radio. - **Culture:** Mexico City is the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world. #### Mexico City Structure - **CBD:** main financial hub characterised by office blocks, including Mexican Stock Exchange and government buildings. Now attracts high-value retailers. - **Inner city:** characterised by slums. First slums built during the 19th century. 'Vecindades' are abandoned multi-storey colonial mansions converted into cheap tenements and rented out to families. - **Suburbs:** areas like Ciudad Satélite, characterised by middle-class housing, mainly built to owners' orders. Tight security - walled-off parking spaces, barbed wire, electric fences and armed guards. - **Urban-rural fringe:** land use dominated by unregulated shanty towns #### Worked Example - The following statements describe the characteristics of Mexico City's structure. Identify two statements that best describe Mexico City's Central Business District (CBD). (2 marks) #### Now Try This - Explain the site and situation of an emerging or developing city. (3 marks) ### A Rapidly Growing City - You will need to know the reasons for past and present trends in population growth for a city in a developing or emerging country as well as the causes of national and international migration and their impacts. #### Population Growth - During the 1950s Mexico City's population was approximately 2 million. By 2010 the urban area had a population of approximately 19 million. - The annual growth rate of Mexico City has also changed over time, from 5.5 per cent during the 1950s to only 0.8 per cent by the year 2000. - Greater Mexico City is the most populated metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere. #### Causes of Population Growth - Over the years, population growth in Mexico City has been caused by different factors. 1. Natural increase - during the 1950s, a high birth rate and a fall in the death rate meant the population grew rapidly. 2. National and international migration - see below 3. Economic investment - increased job opportunities through investment in the construction of factories and offices in the city. #### National and International Migration - The main flow of migrants to Mexico City is from rural areas (national), with people looking for alternative jobs to farming, better housing, clean water and improved health care. - Fewer migrants arrive from the USA, Germany and France (international) and tend to live in the wealthier parts of the city. #### Impacts of Migration on the City - need for homes has led to more self-built housing at the city edge - larger shanty towns - greater use of open space - higher population density and greater poverty #### Worked Example - Explain one cause of population growth for a city in a developing or emerging country. (2 marks) #### Now Try This - Study the graph above. Describe the patterns of population growth in Mexico City's urban core and its suburbs. (3 marks) ### Increasing Inequalities - For a city in a developing or emerging country you will need to know how rapid urban growth is causing inequalities and what its wider-scale impacts are. #### Extreme Wealth vs Poverty - Rapid population growth has resulted in inequalities between rich and poor, with areas of extreme wealth and areas of extreme poverty. #### Mexico City CBD, Shanty town in Mexico City - **Wages:** minimum wage should be US$4 per day, but about 1 in 3 workers are paid less. In the CBD, wages are much higher, with the top 20 per cent earning as much as 13 times more than the bottom 20 per cent. - **Education:** the poorest 10 per cent average only two years of school attendance, while the richest 10 per cent average 12 years. - **Services:** shanty town residents have no running water, electricity or food shops, unlike residents in wealthier areas who live in large houses with gardens and swimming pools. #### Worked Example - Explain two impacts of rapid urbanisation for a city in a developing or emerging country (4 marks) #### Impacts of Rapid Urbanisation - **Housing shortages:** many migrants moving to the city are living on garbage dumps, forced to search through the waste to make money. - **Squatter settlements:** migrants from the countryside are forced to illegally build homes made out of waste materials on the edge of the city. - **Under-employment:** these are the people who work seven days a week doing more than one type of job. - **Pollution:** Mexico City is surrounded by mountains, so pollutants are trapped. This increases air pollution, causing many people to suffer from respiratory diseases. - **Inadequate services:** the city generates 13,000 tonnes of rubbish every day but struggles to dispose of all of it, with waste dumped on the streets. #### Now Try This - Define the term 'squatter settlement'. (1 mark) ### Solving City Problems - For a city in a developing or emerging country you will need to know the advantages and disadvantages of bottom-up and top-down development projects to help solve the city's problems and improve quality of life, as well as the role of government policies. - **Top-down projects:** are large-scale projects usually funded and managed by city governments - **Bottom-up projects:** are small-scale projects often funded by NGOs (non-governmental organisations ) or community organisations. #### Community-Based Projects - A number of community-led projects have been established in Mexico City, including: 1. Cultiva Ciudad is working with local schools to educate children about managing a garden. 2. Rooftop gardens have taken off, with residents growing healthy foods. 3. Locals are working together on the outskirts of the city to raise money to help build schools and health centres. #### Sustainable Transport Schemes - In 2005, Mexico City's government introduced Metrobus, estimated to reduce 35,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. - The bus rapid transport system moves approximately 250,000 people per day. - The new transport system has reduced average journey times by 30 minutes, from 1.5 hours to 1 hour. #### Worked Example - Explain the different approaches used to solve the problems faced by a city in an emerging or developing country. (4 marks) #### Affordable Housing - Architect Tatiana Bilbao has designed an affordable style of housing to help solve the housing problems in Mexico City. - The US$8000 homes are made from wooden pallets that can be added or removed as required. #### Waste Recycling - Mexico City produces an estimated 13,000 tonnes of solid waste every day, with all the waste being sent to one landfill site. This landfill site was eventually shut but the government failed to provide an alternative. - In 2011, to combat this issue, the government introduced a trading system - trash for food. A 'barter market' was set up with residents exchanging waste for vouchers. These vouchers were then traded with local farmers for food. #### Now Try This - You should be able to write confidently about a number of top-down and bottom-up development projects for your chosen city. - You have studied a major city in a developing or emerging country. Evaluate the success of different development projects used to improve the lives of people living in the city. (8 marks)