Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective (PDF)

Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective Fifth Edition Chapter 1 The History of Community Health Nursing in Canada Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc....

Community Health Nursing: A Canadian Perspective Fifth Edition Chapter 1 The History of Community Health Nursing in Canada Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-1 Origins of Community Health Nursing (1 of 3) Indigenous medicine and healing practices were the earliest forms of healthcare in Canada in meeting the health needs of communities First Peoples using traditional medicines and healing practices provided healthcare and knowledge to European settlers Earliest forms of community health nursing are traced to the 17th century New France and the Duchesse d’Aiguillon sisters Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-2 Origins of Community Health Nursing (2 of 3) The Grey Nuns ( 1738 -1745) assisted in the development of health services and education within communities across Canada Challenging conditions in the 19th century, including social unrest shaped the provincial organization and financing of the public health system and community health nursing. The development of the nursing profession, predominantly influenced by Florence Nightingale and women’s groups, including work of Mary Seacole and Lady Aberdeen Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-3 Origins of Community Health Nursing (3 of 3) Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-4 Evolution of Nursing Practice (1 of 4) Duchesse d’Aiguillon sisters work emulates today’s community health nursing practice that focuses on health inequities the determinants of health, community outreach and advocacy Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-5 Evolution of Nursing Practice (2 of 4) Marguerite d’Youville, who established the Grey Nuns, were the first Canadian community nursing order and established relationships with First Nation people to learn about health and healing – The Grey Nuns understood health inequity and made significant contribution to providing access to health services, food, shelter, and education for the most vulnerable – First form of ‘street outreach nursing’ in the early 1700s when the Grey Nuns began public health visits Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-6 Evolution of Nursing Practice (3 of 4) Jeanne Mance, Canada’s first nurse, confronted political, social, and economic forces to establish a range of community health services that include the founding of the Hotel-Dieu Hospital. – Mance provided direct nursing care, advocated for social justice and was the administrator of the hospital Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-7 Evolution of Nursing Practice (4 of 4) Lady Aberdeen and women’s groups created Victoria Order of Nurses (VON) that developed community health services for the rural and poor communities and immigrant women – Local VON has a dual mandate: charitable work among the poor and provision of affordable nursing care to the working and middle class Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-8 Socioecological Context of Community Health Nursing (1 of 3) Socioecological challenges occurred due to immigration, inability to provide basic health to settlers and Indigenous peoples experiencing epidemics introduced by immigrants Some communities of FNMI populations had a 90% mortality rate, when exposed to European diseases. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-9 Socioecological Context of Community Health Nursing (2 of 3) Health promotion influenced by Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole use of epidemiology, statistics, awareness of environmental factors and social determinants of health – The Nightingale model of training nurses was a significant milestone in development of the profession, with the first nursing school established in St. Catharines, Ontario in 1874 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 10 Socioecological Context of Community Health Nursing (3 of 3) Elizabeth Smellie’s military nursing demonstrated competencies of CHN, population health, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, emergency preparedness and disaster nursing Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 11 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (1 of 6) CHNs pioneers possessed a sense of adventure, independence, courage, and humanitarianism Offered services to those living in the poorest urban districts and most isolated rural communities Pioneer CHNs met the immediate needs of communities for direct care and midwifery and provided health and prevention education to individuals and families Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 12 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (2 of 6) Volunteerism and leadership were integral in the development of CHNs. Rural women’s groups lobbied local officials, and enabled CHNs to fulfill their professional obligations to the fullest extent. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 13 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (3 of 6) The Red Cross played a pivotal role in advancing the education of PHNs by providing funding for certificate courses in public health at five Canadian universities PHNs knowledge and scope of practice focus on maternal child programs, communicable diseases, school health, and social welfare issues Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 14 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (4 of 6) The Weir Report (1932) recommended that the number of nurses in Canada should be immediately doubled as well as recommendations for university standards of education and support of public health nursing as a nursing specialty D G.Weir found that between 1913 and 1930 there had been a sevenfold increase in the number of hospital nursing schools, but that these did not provide the quality of education necessary for highly competent nurses Dr. G weir wanted to ensure the education is equal in all parts of Canada Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 15 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (5 of 6) Epidemics of TB, diphtheria, smallpox, cholera, typhus, measles, and influenza were the greatest killer of many Indigenous populations after first contact with European settlers Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 16 Leadership in Community Health Nursing (6 of 6) CHNs are an integral part of health services in the North. Initiation of mobile health services to deliver communicable disease control. – Created first nursing station and numerous outpost nursing stations throughout Canada serving settlers and Indigenous communities – Infant mortality rates and some morbidity rates had declined substantially Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 17 Critical Events Influencing the Milestones of Community Health Nursing, Mid-1960s to Present Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 18 Future of Community Health Nursing (1 of 3) Romanow Commission’s report (2002) recommends shifting policy toward primary healthcare, home healthcare, and health promotion, with nurses playing key role CHNs must be part of a sustainable public health workforce with emphasis on intersectoral policy development and interprofessional collaboration Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 19 Future of Community Health Nursing (2 of 3) CHNs must continue to be strong policy advocates and increasingly focus their practice on the social determinants of health Increase in Indigenous nurses working in First Nation communities Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 20 Future of Community Health Nursing (3 of 3) The Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association has been instrumental in establishing culturally competent health care and cultural safety in the North CHNs are responding to the health inequities found in Northern Indigenous communities, collaborating with Indigenous communities and organizations addressing the Truth and Reconciliation Commitment to Action Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 21 Future of Community Health Nursing CHNs remain front and centre in promoting the principles of primary health care in Northern Indigenous communities. Professional organizations such as CHNC support the social justice framework of nurses in the community. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 22