P1 & P2 Electricity & Energy Knowledge Organiser PDF

# P1 ENERGY KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER ## Question 1. Name 8 energy stores and give examples of objects that store energy in these ways 2. State the principle of conservation of energy 3. Stretching a hairband increases the...... energy store 4. Describe the energy transfers occurring when a pirate ship...

# P1 ENERGY KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER ## Question 1. Name 8 energy stores and give examples of objects that store energy in these ways 2. State the principle of conservation of energy 3. Stretching a hairband increases the...... energy store 4. Describe the energy transfers occurring when a pirate ship ride moves up and down 5. Describe the energy transfers occurring when a boat speeds up due to the force from its engine 6. Describe the energy transfers occurring when a kettle is turned on 7. Describe the energy transfers that occur when the wind causes a windmill to spin 8. State the equation linking kinetic energy, mass and speed 9. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.4kg ball that is travelling at 2m/s. 10. Calculate the speed of a ball that has a mass of 4kg and a kinetic energy of 50J. 11. State the word and symbol equation for elastic potential energy and state the units of each of the quantities 12. State the equation linking gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height 13. State the unit for energy 14. Explain what is meant by the term 'work is done' 15. Describe the four different types of energy transfer 16. Complete the following sentences: * When a ball is dropped, the ........ force does ........ on the ball. This causes the ball's ........ store to decrease and its ........ store to increase * When a ball is thrown upwards, a person exerts ........ on a ball. ........ is on the ball: a ........ stored in the person's muscles is transferred to ........ of the ball 17. State the equation linking power, energy transferred and time 18. State the equation linking power, work done and time and state the units for each quantity 19. Explain what is meant by the term 'rate' in science 20. Write the following numbers to the significant figures shown in the brackets * 0.0003277 (1sf) * 1.4452 x104 (2sf) * 299.222 (4sf) 21. Define specific heat capacity 22. State the equation linking change in thermal energy, mass, specific heat capacity and temperature change 23. What does the delta symbol A mean in science 24. State the symbol equation for specific heat capacity and state the units of each of the quantities 25. Name the devices used to measure * a) current * b) potential difference 26. Name the single device used to measure energy 27. In an experiment to measure energy input to an object, there are two methods we could use. Describe each method 28. Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a sample of material using the following equipment: * Thermometer * Immersion heater * Ammeter * 1Kg mass * Battery (power supply) * Voltmeter 29. A block has a mass of 1 kg and the heater was running for 10 minutes = 600 seconds. The following readings were recorded. Use this data to determine the specific heat capacity of the object 30. Explain the effect of errors on the final result for the specific heat capacity experiment 31. Define conduction 32. Conduction mainly happens in....... (choose: solids/ liquids/ liquids and gases/ gases) 33. Explain what is meant by the thermal conductivity of a material 34. Define convection 35. What happens to the density of air as it gets warmer? 36. Name one way to reduce the effect of frictional forces on objects 37. Explain why lubricating the gears on a bike can allow the bike to go faster (4) 38. Name 5 examples of thermal insulation used in houses 39. Explain why material used for house insulation should have a low thermal conductivity 40. Write down the two equations for efficiency 41. Why are most devices not 100% efficient? 42. Name a device that is usually 100% efficient 43. List four non-renewable energy resources 44. List seven renewable energy resources 45. State two examples of how renewable energy resources are used for heating 46. State two advantages and two disadvantages of wind power 47. State two advantages and disadvantages of solar energy 48. What is geothermal power? 49. Describe what biofuels are made from 50. State two advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuel power plants 51. State one disadvantage of nuclear power # P2 ELECTRICITY KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER ## Question 1. Define current 2. What happens to the current through a component if the resistance increases for the same potential difference? 3. state the equation linking current, charge and time 4. State the symbol equation linking current, charge flow and time, and state the units for each of the quantities 5. Draw the circuit symbols for the following components * Switch (open) * Switch (closed) * Cell * Battery * Diode * Resistor * Variable resistor * Lamp * Fuse * Voltmeter * Ammeter * Thermistor * LDR 6. State the equation linking potential difference, current and resistance 7. Describe how the resistance of a variable resistor can be changed 8. State two uses for variable resistors 9. State how the ammeter should be connected to measure current through a lamp and draw a diagram of this 10. State the units for current, potential difference, charge and resistance 11. Describe how to connect a voltmeter to measure potential difference across a lamp and draw a circuit diagram to show this 12. The resistance of the metal filament inside the bulb increases as the temperature of the bulb increases. Explain why. (3) 13. Describe the effect of increasing temperature on the resistance of a thermistor 14. Describe two uses for thermistors 15. Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on the resistance of a light dependent resistor (LDR) 16. Describe two uses for LDRs 17. Describe the main features of a diode 18. State the equation linking energy transferred, charge flow and potential difference 19. State the symbol equation linking energy transferred, charge flow and potential difference and state the units of each of the quantities 20. Three 3V cells are connected in series. Calculate the total potential difference output in each case. 21. Describe how to use the equipment shown in the diagram to investigate how changing the length of the wire affects its resistance. 22. The graph below shows some sample results from an experiment investigating the relationship between resistance and length of wire. What relationship is shown? 23. What is an Ohmic conductor? 24. Draw the current, potential difference (IV) graph for a resistor/Ohmic conductor 25. Explain the current, potential difference graph (IV graph) shown for the resistor 26. Draw the IV graph for a filament lamp 27. Draw the IV graph for a diode 28. Explain the graph shape for the diode 29. Describe how ammeters and voltmeters should be connected to measure current and potential difference 30. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you would investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for: a resistor 31. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you would investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for: a bulb 32. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you would investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for: a diode 33. Describe a method to investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for a resistor 34. Describe how the resistance of a light dependent resistor (LDR) changes as light intensity increases 35. Draw a graph of resistance against light intensity for an LDR 36. Describe how the resistance of a thermistor changes as temperature increases 37. Draw a graph of resistance against temperature for a thermistor 38. If one cell has a potential difference of 1.5V, calculate the potential difference for 3 cells 39. In a series circuit containing two resistors and one cell, if each resistor receives 4V of potential difference, what is the potential difference across the cell? 40. Explain why, in a series circuit, if one bulb goes out all of them will go out. 41. When two resistors are connected in series, how can you calculate the total resistance? 42. State the rules for current, potential difference and resistance in series circuits 43. What happens to the resistance of a parallel circuit when another resistor is added in parallel? 44. State the rules for current, potential difference and resistance in parallel circuits 45. describe the relationship between the number of resistors and total resistance in a series circuit 46. describe the relationship between the number of resistors and total resistance in a parallel circuit 47. Describe how to perform an experiment to compare the total resistance in series and parallel arrangements 48. Summarise the difference between the total resistance when resistors are added in series and parallel 49. What is the difference between the current in a battery compared to the mains? 50. Label this diagram of an electrical plug 51. Which wires are at oV in a plug? 52. What colour is the live wire in a plug? 53. What is the alternating potential difference value for the mains supply? 54. State the frequency of the alternating mains supply in the UK 55. What are the two colours of the earth wire? 56. What is the purpose of the earth wire? 57. Which wire could give you an electric shock? 58. What is an electric shock? 59. State the equation linking power, energy transferred and time 60. state the equation linking energy, charge and potential difference 61. state the equation linking power, potential difference and current 62. How much energy is transferred each second by a current of 2 amps (A) driven by a potential difference of 230 volts (V)? 63. state the equation linking power, current and resistance 64. Convert 300 W into kW 65. Convert 40kW into W 66. What is the national grid? 67. What are the two types of transformers and what do they do? 68. Why does the potential difference need to be increased after the power station? ## Model Answer 1. - **Magnetic** - fridge magnets - **Internal (thermal)** - human bodies, hot coffees - **Chemical** - food, muscles, electrical batteries      - **Kinetic** - moving objects eg. runners      - **Electrostatic** - thunderclouds      - **Elastic potential** - inflated balloons, stretched hairbands      - **Gravitational potential** - the energy of an object at height eg. aeroplanes store lots of gravitational potential      - **Nuclear** - the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, eg. uranium nuclear power 2. Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but it can never be created or destroyed 3. Elastic potential 4. | | | | | :-------------------- | :------------------- | :----------------- | | **Highest point of swing** | **Maximum kinetic energy** | **Maximum gravitational potential energy** | | **Minimum gravitational potential energy** | **Minimum kinetic energy** | **Maximum gravitational potential energy** | The ride has maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the swing and minimum gravitational potential energy. It has maximum gravitational potential energy at the top of the swing and zero kinetic energy. 5. **Boat loses chemical energy as fuel is burned**. **Boat gains kinetic energy as it gains speed** 6. **Internal energy increases**. **Electrical work is done**. **Electrical current** Electricity through the kettle increases the internal energy of the element which in turn increases the internal (thermal) energy of the water which increases the temperature of the water. 7. Energy is transferred mechanically from the kinetic energy store of the wind to the kinetic energy store of the windmill. 8. KE = 1/2 x mass x speed² 9. **DATA**       Mass = 0.4kg       Speed = 2m/s       Kinetic energy = ? **Step 1) EQUATION** write the equation you can use (rearrange if necessary)       Kinetic energy = 1/½ x mass x speed² **Step 2) SUBSTITUTE** show the numbers underneath - keep the equals sign directly underneath       Kinetic energy = 1/½ x mass x speed²       = 1/2 x 0.4 X 2² **Step 3) CALCULATE**       = 0.8 **Step 4) UNITS**       = 0.8 J 10. **1. DATA**       Mass = 4kg       Kinetic energy = 50 J       Speed = ? **0. EQUATION**       Kinetic energy = 1/2 m v² **0. SUBSTITUTE**       50 = ½ x 4 x v² **0. CALCULATE**       50 = 2 x v²       50/2 = v²       25 = v²       V=5 **0. UNITS**       v = 5m/s 11. - **elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant x extension²**       - **Ee = 1/2 ke² (assuming the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded)**       - **elastic potential energy, Ee, in joules, J**       - **spring constant, k, in newtons per metre, N/m**       - **extension, e, in metres, m** 12. GPE = mass x gravitational field strength x height 13. Joules, J 14. Doing 'work' is the scientific way of saying that energy has been transferred. 15. - **mechanical work** - a force moving an object through a distance       - **electrical work** - charges moving due to a potential difference       - **heating** - due to temperature difference caused electrically or by chemical reaction       - **radiation** - energy tranferred as a wave, eg light and infrared - light radiation and infrared radiation are emitted from the sun 16. - When a ball is dropped, the **gravitational** force does **work** on the ball. This causes the ball's **gpe** store to decrease and its **ke** store to increase       - When a ball is thrown upwards, a person exerts **a force** on a ball. **Work is done** on the ball: **chemical** stored in the person's muscles is transferred to **gpe** of the ball 17. power = energy transferred / time 18. - **P = W/t**       - **power, P, in watts, W**       - **work done in joules, J**       - **time in seconds, s** 19. Rate is a measure of how quickly something happens and always means divide by time. 20. - 0.0003 (1sf)       - 1.4 x104 (2sf)       - 299.2 (4sf) 21. The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree C 22. change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change 23. Change in (eg. Atemperature means change in temperature) 24. ΔΕ = mc ΔΘ       - **change in thermal energy, ΔΕ, in joules, J**       - **mass, m, in kilograms, kg**       - **specific heat capacity, c, in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius, J/kg °C**       - **temperature change, Δθ, in degrees Celsius, °C** 25. - a) Ammeter      - b) voltmeter 26. Joulemeter 27. - **using a joulemeter** (just like an ammeter measures current and a voltmeter measures potential difference electricity topic!) a joulemeter measures energy input       - **using energy transferred = power x time**       **power = current x potential difference**       measure the current using an ammeter       measure the potential difference using a voltmeter 28. - **Record the temperature of the block.**       - **Connect the heater to the power supply and turn it off after ten minutes.**       - **Record the potential difference using a voltmeter**       - **Record the current using an ammeter**       - **Turn off the power supply after 10 minutes**       - **Record the maximum temperature of the block**       - **Use the equation energy transferred = potential difference x current x time**       - **And then energy transferred = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature**       - **To determine the specific heat capacity**       **energy transferred = potential difference x current x time**       **E=10.90×3.65×600**       **E=23,700 J**       **Change in temperature, Δ0 = 38-15 = 23**       **E=mcA 0**       **23,700 = 1xc x (23)**       **C = 23,700/23**       **C=1,030J/kg°C** 29. Not all of the heat from the immersion heater will be heating up the aluminium block, some will be lost to the surroundings. More energy has been transferred than is needed for the block alone as some is transferred to the surroundings. This causes the calculated specific heat capacity to be higher than for 1 kg of aluminium alone. 30. Conduction is the process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles 31. solids 32. The higher the thermal conductivity of a material the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction across the material. 33. Convection is where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions 34. The density decreases (so hot air will rise) 35. use a lubricant (eg. oil).      - **Adding lubrication reduces friction**      - **So less work is done against friction**      - **So less energy is wasted as less is transferred to the surroundings as heat**      - **And the useful kinetic energy store can remain higher** 36. - **cavity walls with an air gap** (reduces conduction),      - **cavity wall insulation** (reduces convection),      - **loft insulation** (reduces convection),      - **double glazed windows** (reduce conduction),      - **draught excluders** (reduce convection) 37. The higher the thermal conductivity the higher the rate of energy transfer by the material       - So a low thermal conductivity would transfer energy with a low rate and keep the energy in the house for longer. 38. - **efficiency = useful energy output/ total energy input**      - **efficiency = useful power output/total power input** 39. Energy is transferred into thermal energy stores / dissipated 40. an electric heater (electrostatic energy is transferred into useful thermal energy stores) 41. - coal, oil, gas, nuclear fuel 42. - the sun (solar),      - wind,      - water,      - hydro-electricity,      - bio-fuel,      - tides,      - geothermal 43. - geothermal heat pumps used to heat buildings,      - solar water heaters use the sun to heat water,      - burning biofuel 44. - advantages: no pollution, renewable energy      - Disadvantages: spoil the view, very noisy, unreliable, cannot increase supply when there is extra demand 45. - advantages: no pollution, renewable energy.      - Disadvantages: only reliable in day time, initial costs are high 46. energy in underground thermal energy stores caused by the decay of radioactive elements 47. plants and animal dung 48. - advantages: they are reliable, they can meet current demand,      - disadvantages: non-renewable so they are running out, release carbon dioxide when burned which contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming 49. nuclear waste is dangerous and difficult to dispose of 50. - **the rate of flow of electric charge** 51. - **the current will decrease if the resistance increases** 52. - **charge flow = current x time** 53. - **Q = It**      - **charge flow, Q, in coulombs, C**      - **current, I, in amperes, A (amp is acceptable for ampere)**      - **time, t, in seconds, s** 54. - **potential difference = current x resistance** 55. - **Moving the position of the slider on this resistor, changes the resistance.** 56. - **A variable resistor is used in some dimmer switches and volume controls.** 57. - **in series** 58. - **current - amps (A)**,      - **potential difference - volts (V)**,      - **charge - Coulombs (C)**,      - **resistance - Ohms (Ω)** 59. - **metals contain free electrons (and ions)**      - **as temperature of filament increases ions vibrate faster / with a bigger amplitude**      - **electrons collide more (frequently) with the ions** 60. - **The resistance of the thermistor decreases when temperature increases** 61. - **A thermistor can be used in thermostats or heat activated fire alarms.** 62. - **The resistance of the LDR decreases when light intensity increases** 63. - **A LDR can be used as a sensor in cameras or automatic lights that come on when it gets dark.**      - **A semiconductor diode allows current to flow in one direction only.**      - **Current will not flow in the other direction. Diodes are used to convert an alternating current into a direct current.** 64. - **Energy transferred = charge flow x potential difference**      - **E = QV**      - **energy transferred, E, in joules, J**      - **charge flow, Q, in coulombs, C**      - **potential difference, V, in volts, V** 65. - **1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram above.**      - **2. Connect the crocodile clips to the resistance wire, 100 centimetres (cm) apart.**      - **3. Record the reading on the ammeter and on the voltmeter.**      - **4. Move one of the crocodile clips closer until they are 90 cm apart.**      - **5. Record the new readings on the ammeter and the voltmeter.**      - **6. Repeat the previous steps reducing the length of the wire by 10 cm each time down to a minimum length of 10 cm.**      - **7. Use the results to calculate the resistance of each length of wire by using R = V/I, where R is resistance, V is voltage and I is current.**      - **8. Plot a graph of resistance against length for the resistance wire.** 66. - **Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire (there is a straight line through the origin).** 67. - **a resistor with a constant resistance** 68. - **For a fixed resistor, the potential difference is directly proportional to the current.**      - **Doubling the amount of energy into the resistor results in a current twice as fast running through the resistor.**      - **This relationship is called Ohm's Law and is true because the resistance of the resistor is fixed and does not change.**      - **A resistor is an ohmic conductor.** 69. - **A semiconductor diode only allows current to flow in one direction. If the potential difference is arranged to try and push the current the wrong way (also called reverse-bias) no current will flow as the diode's resistance remains very large. Current will only flow if the diode is forward-biased. When forward-biased, the diode's resistance is very large at low potential differences but at higher potential differences, the resistance quickly drops and current begins to flow.** 70. - **Ammeters should be connected in series**      - **Voltmeters should be conntected in parallel around the component they are measuring** 71. - **as light intensity increases, resistance decreases** 72. - **as temperature increases, resistance decreases** 73. - **Each cell has a potential difference of 1.5 V, so three cells give 4.5 V** 74. - **4+4 = 8V --> in a series circuit the total potential difference across the cell or battery is equal to the sum of the pds across the components** 75. - **An electron will pass through every component on its way round the circuit. If one of the bulbs is broken then current will not be able to flow round the circuit. If one bulb goes out, they all go out.** 76. - **add up their resistances** 77. - **In series circuits:**      - **Rtotal = R1 + R2**      - **current is the same through each component**      - **the total potential difference of the power supply is shared between the components**      - **the total resistance of the circuit is the sum of individual resistors** 78. - **the resistance decreases** 79. - **In parallel circuits:**      - **the total current supplied is split between the components on different loops**      - **potential difference is the same across each loop**      - **the total resistance of the circuit is reduced as the current can follow multiple paths** 80. - **as the number of resistors increases, the total resistance increases** 81. - **as the number of resistors increases, the total resistance decreases** 82. - **Set up the circuit as shown in figure 1, turn the power supply on and close the switch.**      - **Record the voltmeter and ammeter readings and calculate the resistance of the resistor using R = V/I, where R is resistance, V is potential difference and I is current.**      - **Change the resistor and repeat step two to find the resistance of a second resistor.**      - **Arrange the two resistors in series as shown in figure 2 below and close the switch.**      - **Record the voltmeter and ammeter readings once again and determine the total resistance of both resistors in series using R = V/I.**      - **Arrange the two resistors in parallel as shown in figure 3 and close the switch.**      - **Record the voltmeter an ammeter readings once again and calculate the total resistance of both resistors in parallel.** 83. - **In series, the resistance of the network is equal to the sum of the two individual resistances.**      - **In parallel, the resistance of the network is less than either of the two individual resistances.** 84. - **the mains is alternating current, a battery supplies direct current** 85. - **the neutral wire and earth wire** 86. - **brown** 87. - **230V** 88. - **50 Hz** 89. - **green and yellow** 90. - **for safety** 91. - **the live wire** 92. - **current running through your body** 93. - **energy transferred = power x time** 94. - **energy transferred = charge x potential difference** 95. - **power = current x potential difference** 96. - **P=IxV**      - **P = 2 × 230**      - **P = 460 W** 97. - **power = current² x resistance** 98. - **0.3 kW** 99. - **40,000 W** 100. - **a system of cables and transformers that covers the UK and connects power stations to consumers** 101. - **step up transformers increase the potential difference after the power station (to transmit power efficiently) and step down transformers decrease the potential difference (to make it safe for consumers)** 102. - **for efficient transmission**      - **by increasing the potential difference the current decreases**      - **low currents reduce energy dissipation into thermal energy of wires**      - **wasting less energy**