Psychology for Exceptional Children (PSYCH 323) Prelims PDF

SUBJECT: Psychology for Exceptional Children (PSYCH 323) 3RD YEAR 2nd SEM – PRELIMS PROFESSOR: Sir Novie John Palarisan COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS Example of Classica...

SUBJECT: Psychology for Exceptional Children (PSYCH 323) 3RD YEAR 2nd SEM – PRELIMS PROFESSOR: Sir Novie John Palarisan COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS Example of Classical Conditioning: OUTLINE I.​ Components of the Helping Process II.​ Approaches of the Helping Process A.​ Person-Centered Approach B.​ Behavioral Approach C.​ Developmental Approach D.​ Ecological System Approach E.​ Strength-Based Approach F.​ Cognitive-Behavioral Approach G.​ Family-Centered Approach H.​ Multisensory Approach I.​ Inclusive Approach COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS ​ Relationship Building ​ Assessment and Diagnosis ​ Goal Setting ​ Intervention Planning ​ Implementation 2.​ Operant conditioning - a response is increased ​ Monitoring and Evaluation or decreased due to reinforcement or ​ Advocacy punishment ​ Empowerment ​ Termination and Transition Planning Positive Reinforcement Give good to increase ​ Follow-Up and Maintenance behavior APPROACHES OF THE HELPING PROCESS Negative Reinforcement Take bad to increase behavior PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH Positive Punishment Give bad to decrease CORE CONDITIONS: behavior ​ Client-centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the Negative Punishment Take good to decrease therapist to the client: behavior 1.​ The therapist is congruent with the client 2.​ The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3.​ The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client BEHAVIORAL APPROACH 3 MAJOR TYPES: 1.​ Classical Conditioning - a neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response. 1 | Reviewer by: Sophia ☆  (ASSOPSYCHSS ERICA) PSYCH 323: PRELIMS: COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS Example of Operant Conditioning: ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH ​ Developed by Urie Bronfenbrenne (1979) ​ posits that an individual’s development is influenced by a series of interconnected environmental systems, ranging from the immediate surroundings (e.g., family) to broad societal structures (e.g., culture). 1.​ Child 2.​ Microsystem - immediate environment (Family, School, Peers, Neighbors) 3.​ Mesosystem - connections between environments 4.​ Exosystem - indirect environment (Local governments, Parents’ friends, Extended family, Mass media) 5.​ Macrosystem - social and cultural values (Social norms, Economic system, Political systems, Culture) 6.​ Chronosystem - changes over time (Time) 3.​ Observational learning - learning occurs through observation and imitation of others DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH ​ This approach focuses on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. These developmental theories center on various aspects of growth, including social, emotional, and cognitive development. 2 | Reviewer by: Sophia ☆  (ASSOPSYCHSS ERICA) PSYCH 323: PRELIMS: COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS STRENGTH-BASED APPROACH ​ It focuses on individuals' strengths (including personal strengths and social and community networks) and not on their deficits ​ It is holistic and multidisciplinary and works with the individual to promote their wellbeing 1.​ Identify strengths 2.​ Development of strength and skills 3.​ Positive and meaningful experience 4.​ Opportunities provided for development 5.​ Positive expectations COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL APPROACH ​ a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps FAMILY-CENTERED APPROACH people learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have Family-Centered Practices: a negative influence on their behavior and ​ Active involvement of youth and families in emotions. decision-making ○​ Thoughts - How we think affects how we feel ​ Honoring the family’s rights and act ​ Develop partnerships with youth and families ○​ Behaviors - How we act affects how we think ​ Learning from one another and feel ​ Individualized planning, flexible support ○​ Feelings - How we feel affects what we think ​ Building parenting confidence and do ​ Family Choice ​ Building on family strengths ​ Mutual respect and honesty ​ Respecting a family’s culture MULTISENSORY APPROACH ​ It is a component of multisensory structural language education which focuses on the structured, systematic, direct teaching of the organization of language. ​ Multisensory learning refers to structuring a lesson to encourage children to engage more than one of their senses while learning. ​ This approach is frequently used for children with learning disabilities ​ ABC Model (by Albert Ellis): ​ Multisensory strategies combine two or more 1.​ Activating Event or Antecedent - An event senses simultaneously: prompts the start of the reaction ○​ Visual 2.​ Beliefs about the Event - This determines the ○​ Auditory emotions about the event and behavior ○​ Tactile afterward ○​ Kinesthetic / Motor 3.​ Consequences - This is how you feel or what you do in response to the event 3 | Reviewer by: Sophia ☆  (ASSOPSYCHSS ERICA) PSYCH 323: PRELIMS: COMPONENTS OF THE HELPING PROCESS INCLUSIVE APPROACH QUIZ: 1.​ Who developed the Ecological Systems Inclusion for children with disabilities is: Approach? ​ Attending school and activities with one’s typically 2.​ What does the ABC Model stand for? developing peers 3.​ 3 core conditions of the Person-Centered ​ Acceptance by peers and others in the community Approach ​ Being supported so that the child’s needs are being 4.​ Local governments, Parents’ friends, Extended met family, and Mass media are examples of which ​ Being able to participate in programs of choice system according to the Ecological Systems ​ Being respected for the diversity that is inherent in Approach? all of us and in all of our families 5.​ Taking something unpleasant to increase behavior is _________ (negative or positive?) ____________ (punishment or reinforcement?) – END – “Becoming is better than being.” – Carol S. Dweck.・゜゜・・゜゜・．.・゜゜・★ ANSWER KEY: 1.​ Urie Bronfenbrenne 2.​ Activating Event (Antecedent), Beliefs, Consequences 3.​ Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy 4.​ Exosystem 5.​ Negative Reinforcement 4 | Reviewer by: Sophia ☆