Bioenergetics (1) Biochemistry 2024 PDF

Bioenergetics (1) Biochemistry Nuclic acid proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Genetic Sickel cell Athero- Diabetes. Diseases anemia sclerosis mellitus. New Edition 2024 Dr. Ma...

Bioenergetics (1) Biochemistry Nuclic acid proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Genetic Sickel cell Athero- Diabetes. Diseases anemia sclerosis mellitus. New Edition 2024 Dr. Ma7moud El7efnawy  Bioenergetics Biochemistry 2024 Bioenergetics (Energy of metabolites in cells) Why living cells need Energy? → To do work Mechanical work: muscle contraction. Electrical work: transmission of nerve impulses. Chemical work: building up molecules (anabolism) e.g proteins. Osmotic work: absorption, secretion, active transport etc. Sources of Energy: Ingested or stored food: Carbohydrates, Lipids & Proteins → Energy (ATP). Vitamins & minerals (micronutrients): are not sources of energy but essential for process of energy production. Energy Levels of Hydrolysable Bonds The word ENERGY refers to: - Energy released from breaking the Pyrophosphate bond; the bond between two phosphates, such as that connecting the terminal 2 phosphates in ATP. - Upon hydrolysis liberate an amount of free energy  7.3 kcal/mole.  Hydrolysable bonds are divided into 2 groups: I. Low Energy Bonds These are bonds that upon hydrolysis liberate an amount of free energy