Bio SAC Term 4 PDF

CHAPTER 9: What does genetic diversity refer to? The amount of genetic variation that exists between individuals within a population. Why is genetic diversity important for a species? It protects the longevity of a species by reducing susceptibility to environmental changes. How does greater genetic...

CHAPTER 9: What does genetic diversity refer to? The amount of genetic variation that exists between individuals within a population. Why is genetic diversity important for a species? It protects the longevity of a species by reducing susceptibility to environmental changes. How does greater genetic diversity affect a population's survival? It increases the chance of containing alleles suited for survival in new environmental challenges. What is oviparity? Oviparity is when eggs are released into the external environment for development. What is viviparity? Viviparity is when the embryo develops inside the mother’s body. How do flowering plants reproduce sexually? They produce pollen that fertilises the ovule carried by pollinators. What are the two types of pollinators? Biotic (living organisms) and abiotic (non-living methods) What are reproductive cloning technologies? Human interventions that artificially produce genetically identical clones. What is asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring without the fusion of gametes. What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? It does not increase genetic diversity. What is binary fission? Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and certain eukaryotes resulting in two identical cells. What is budding? Formation of buds that grow and split away from the main organism. What is fragmentation? Breaking of fragments from an organism that can regrow into a whole organism. What is vegetative propagation? Reproduction of plants with roots or leaves breaking away to grow into a new plant. What is sporogenesis? Formation of spores that are dispersed into the environment. What is parthenogenesis? Formation of an embryo from a female gamete without fertilisation. What is somatic cell nuclear transfer? A method where the nucleus from a somatic cell is inserted into an enucleated egg cell. What are the steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer? Enucleation, extraction, insertion, and development. What is enucleation? Removal or destruction of the nucleus from the donated egg cell. What is extraction in somatic cell nuclear transfer? Extraction of the donated somatic cell’s nucleus. What is insertion in somatic cell nuclear transfer? Insertion of the donated somatic cell’s nucleus into the enucleated egg cell. What is development in somatic cell nuclear transfer? Implantation of the developing embryo into a surrogate mother. What is embryo splitting? A method where an early embryo is split to produce genetically identical offspring. What is the outcome of embryo splitting? Genetically identical offspring. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction? Advantages: Increases genetic diversity Improves disease resistance Reduces chances of inheriting genetic disorders Disadvantages: Cost of male progeny Time and resources to find a mate Risk of transferable diseases Risk of losing offspring to external influences What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction? Advantages: Grows faster than sexual reproduction Offspring are identical clones No need to find a mate Requires little parental investment Disadvantages: Low genetic diversity May suffer during rapid environmental change What are the types of asexual reproduction? Binary fission Budding Fragmentation Vegetative propagation Sporogenesis Parthenogenesis What are the reproductive cloning technologies for plants? Tissue culturing Plant cuttings Plant grafting What are the reproductive cloning technologies for animals? Somatic cell nuclear transfer Embryo splitting (edrolo chapter 9 summary) CHAPTER 10: What are the two main temperature adaptation categories for animals in extreme environments? Hot and cold. What is the purpose of antifreeze proteins in cold environments? To prevent ice formation in body fluids. How long have Indigenous Australians understood the Australian ecosystem? Over 60,000 years. What is the estimated population size of the leadbeater’s possum? 2,500 individuals. What is the area of distribution for the leadbeater’s possum? Approximately 3,500 km². What is the population density of the leadbeater’s possum? 0.71 individuals/km². What are some structural adaptations of animals in hot environments? Insulation techniques Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) Endotherms vs ectotherms Vasoconstriction of blood vessels Countercurrent circulation Torpor What are some structural adaptations of animals in cold environments? Antifreeze proteins Reducing exposed surface area Huddling Seeking shelter  Migration Modifications to cell membrane Increasing solute concentration (freezing point depression) Seed dormancy What are some behavioural adaptations of animals in cold environments? Nocturnal behaviour Endurers vs evaders What are some structural adaptations of plants in hot environments? Evaporative cooling Burrowing Deep roots Water storage mechanisms Sunken stomata Rolled/folded leaves Guard cells and stomata regulation Light coloured leaves Low surface area leaves Vertically hanging leaves Fire regeneration What are some physiological adaptations of plants in cold environments? Insulation techniques Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) Capillary channels in skin Concentrated urine Low water faeces Metabolically produced water What is population distribution? The range of geographical areas that members of a population are found in. What is population size? The total number of individuals within a population. What are the types of interdependencies between species in an ecosystem? Mutualism (both benefit) Competition (both are harmed) Commensalism (one benefits, one is unaffected) Parasitism (one benefits, one is harmed) What is a keystone species? A species whose effects on an ecosystem are greater than expected relative to its population size. What are apex predators? Species that have no natural predators and are at the top of the food chain. What are ecosystem engineers? Species that create, significantly alter, or maintain the structure of an environment. (edrolo chapter 10 summary next page)