Basic Life Support Training: BLS, CPR Guide PDF

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT TRAINING Chari V. Rivo Legal Basis in the Conduct of BLS Training RA 10871 “Basic Life Support Training in Schools Act” AO 155 s, 2004, Section VI Implementing Guidelines “BLS Training is mandatory to all health workers” AO 2018-0001 “BLS as a minimum competency r...

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT TRAINING Chari V. Rivo Legal Basis in the Conduct of BLS Training RA 10871 “Basic Life Support Training in Schools Act” AO 155 s, 2004, Section VI Implementing Guidelines “BLS Training is mandatory to all health workers” AO 2018-0001 “BLS as a minimum competency requirement for Type I and Type II Ambulance Service Providers” Department Memo (DM) 2005-0056 “BLS is mandatory to DOH Employees” DM 2020-0290 “Interim Consensus Guidelines on Basic Life Support During COVID-19 Pandemic” DM 2021-0134 “Updated Consensus Guidelines on Basic Life Support based on the 2020 Guidelines for CPR” PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY CARE PLANNING – Emergency plans should be established based on anticipated needs and available resources PROVISION OF LOGISTICS – The emergency response begins with the preparation of equipment and personnel before any emergency occurs. Remember the INITIAL RESPONSE as follows: – Ask for Help – Intervene – Do not do further harm INSTRUCTION to BY-STANDER – Proper information and instruction to a bystander/s would provide organized first aid care. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES 1. SURVEY THE SCENE – Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred and decide to act, you must make sure that the scene of the emergency is safe for you, the victim/s and the bystander/s 1.1 Elements of SURVEY THE SCENE a. Scene safety b. Mechanism of injury or nature of illness c. Take standard precautions. Wear protective PPE. d. Determine the number of patients e. Consider additional/specialized resources 1.2 Take time to survey the scene and answer these questions: a. Is the scene safe? b. What happened? Nature of Incident c. How many people are injured? d. Are there bystanders who can help? e. Then identify yourself as a trained first aider. 2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE In some emergencies, you will need to call for specific medical advise before administering first aid. But in some situations, you will need to attend to the victim first. 2.1 Call First and CPR First – Both trained and untrained bystanders should be instructed to activate medical assistance as soon as they have determined that an adult victim requires emergency care.  CALL FIRST CPR FIRST Adults and adolescents Adults and adolescents with likely Witnessed collapse of children asphyxia arrest (e.g. drowning) and infants Unwitnessed collapse of children and infants If you are alone with no mobile Give 5 cycles (2 minutes) of CPR phone, leave the victim to activate Leave the victim to activate emergency response system and emergency response system and get AED/emergency equipment get the AED. before beginning CPR. Return to the child or infant and Otherwise, send someone and resume CPR; use the AED as begin CPR immediately; use the soon as it is available. AED as soon as it is available. 2.2 Use of social media to summon rescuers 2.3 Use mobile phone in activation of emergency medical services (EMS) 2.4 Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance: What happened? Location? Number of injured persons? Extent of injury and first aid given? The telephone number from where you are calling? PERSON who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and drop the phone last. 3. DO A PRIMARY ASSESSMENT OF THE VICTIM In every emergency situation, you must first find out if there are conditions that are of immediate threat to the victim’s life.  ABC Remember! Check for Checking for Responsiveness Open the breathing and Airway circulation shall be done simultaneously in no more than 10 seconds Check for circulation (pulse)* * For HCP only Check for breathing (Look for rise and fall of the chest IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC: ABC Remember! Open the Airway during FBAO Checking for management only, otherwise, breathing and cover the victim’s mouth and Check for Responsiveness nose with cloth or mask circulation shall be done simultaneously in no more than 10 seconds Check for circulation (pulse)* * For HCP only Check for breathing (Look for rise and fall of the chest 4. DO A SECONDARY ASSESSMENT OF THE VICTIM It is a systematic method of gathering additional information about the injuries or conditions that may need care 4.1 Interview the victim – S – signs and symptoms – A – allergies – M – medications – P – past – L – last meal taken – E – events prior to injury  4.2 Check Vital Signs – Every 15 minutes for stable condition and every 5 minutes if unstable 4.3 Head to toe examination – Rescuers should look for other signs of injuries in a quick manner from the head to toe and apply necessary first aid measures to the injury seen  Head to toe assessment: – D – deformity – C – contusion – A – Abrasion – P – puncture – B – burn/bleeding – T – tenderness – L – Lacerations – S – Swelling 5. REFERRAL OF THE VICTIM FOR FURTHER EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT Refer patient for further evaluation and management (if necessary, depending on patient’s condition) to advance medical team/ physician/ health facility Endorse: – Initial Assessment – NOI, TOI, POI – Procedures performed/management – Latest status – from red to yellow/green tag INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Chari V. Rivo THREE KIND OF LIFE SUPPORT 1. Basic Life Support (BLS) A set of emergency procedures that consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest and the proper application of Cardio- pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) with or without Automated External Defibrillator (AED) of foreign body airway obstruction management (FBAOM) and rescue breathing (RB) or to maintain life until victim recovers or advanced life support is available 2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) A set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest and other life threatening emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skilla to deploy those interventions 3. Prolonged Life Support (PLS) For post resuscitative and long term resuscitation with the use of adjunctive equipment such as ventilator, cardiac monitor, pulse oximeter, etc. BODY SYSTEM The Circulatory System – It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes waste products. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood  The Respiratory System – It delivers oxygen to the body, as well as removes carbon dioxide from the body. – The passage of air into and out of the lungs is called VENTILATION – Breathing in or inhalation is called INSPIRATION – Breathing out or exhalation is called EXPIRATION – The actual exchange of oxygen in the alveoli as well as the tissues of the body is called RESPIRATION Breathing and Circulation Air that enters the lungs contains about 21% oxygen and only a trace of carbon dioxide. Air that is exhaled from the lungs contains about 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to the tissues of the body Breathing and Circulation In the body tissues, blood releases oxygen and takes up carbon dioxide after which it flows back to the right side of the heart. All body tissues require oxygen, but the brain requires more than any other tissue. 3. The Nervous System It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It has two major functions – communication and control. It lets a person be aware of and react to the environment. It coordinates the body’s responses to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.  Clinical Death – Within 1 minute – cardiac irritability – 1-4 minutes – brain damage not likely – 4-6 minutes – brain damage possible Biological Death – 6-10 minutes – brain damage very likely – More than 10 minutes – irreversible brain damage CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) Chari V. Rivo CPR Is a series of assessments and interventions using techniques and maneuvers made to bring victims of cardiac and respiratory arrest back to life. CARDIAC ARREST – Is the condition in which circulation ceases and vital organs are deprived of oxygen. Three Conditions of Cardiac Arrest Cardiovascular Collapse – The heart is still beating but its action is so weak that blood is not being circulated through the vascular system to the brain and body tissues Ventricular Fibrillation – Occurs when the individual fascicles of the heart beat independently rather than in coordinated, synchronized manner that produces rhythmic heart beat Cardiac Standstill – It means that the heart has stopped beating WHEN TO START CPR If you see a victim who is: – Unconscious/unresponsive – Not breathing or has no normal breathing – No definite pulse  Responders need to generally assume that all victims have infectious diseases so that safety protocols must be completely observed at all times When NOT to start CPR All victims of cardiac arrest should receive CPR unless: – Patient has a valid DNAR order – Patient has signs of irreversible death (Rigor mortis, decapitation, dependent lividity) – No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital functions have deteriorated as in septic shock or cardiogenic shock – Confirmed gestation of < 23 weeks or birth weight