AP World History Notes: Global Civilizations 1200-Present

🌏 Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200–1450) 🏯 1. East Asia: Song China Builds a Bureaucratic and Cultural Powerhouse 🎯 Key Themes: State Building, Religion, Innovation, Trade ​ Confucianism:​ ○​ A continuity from the Tang Dynasty.​ ○​ Provided a hierarchical worldview—loyalty...

🌏 Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200–1450) 🏯 1. East Asia: Song China Builds a Bureaucratic and Cultural Powerhouse 🎯 Key Themes: State Building, Religion, Innovation, Trade ​ Confucianism:​ ○​ A continuity from the Tang Dynasty.​ ○​ Provided a hierarchical worldview—loyalty and respect to authority.​ ○​ Revived during the Song, forming the ideological foundation for government and society.​ ​ Imperial Bureaucracy:​ ○​ A network of government officials who implemented imperial policy.​ ○​ Civil Service Exam expanded—merit-based advancement ( 🏆 meritocracy).​ ○​ Allowed talented individuals (not just elites) to serve in government.​ ​ Buddhism:​ ○​ Entered from India via the Silk Roads 🌏.​ ○​ Chan Buddhism (Zen) developed: a mix of Buddhism and Daoism.​ ○​ Spread to other regions = cultural diffusion.​ ​ Song Economy Innovations:​ ○​ 🌾 Champa Rice (from Vietnam): fast-ripening, drought-resistant; allowed multiple harvests per year → population boom.​ ○​ 🚤 Grand Canal: boosted internal trade; linked agricultural south with political north.​  ○​ 💰 Commercialization: Song China was the wealthiest country on Earth at the time.​ ​ Common Misconception:​ ​ ​ ❌ ✅ “China was isolated during this time.”​ Reality: Highly connected through trade and diplomacy.​ ​ 🕌 2. The Islamic World: New States After the Abbasid Caliphate 🎯 Key Themes: State Building, Expansion, Innovation, Cultural Exchange ​ Abbasid Caliphate Falls → New Islamic States:​ ○​ 🏰 Delhi Sultanate (India) – Turkish, Muslim rulers in a Hindu-majority region.​ ○​ 🕌 Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt) – former slave soldiers who ruled and defended the Islamic world.​ ○​ 🌍 Diversity: Many ethnic and regional rulers (Turks, Arabs, Persians).​ ​ Spread of Islam:​ ○​ 🗡️ Military (e.g., conquests in India, Africa).​ ○​ 🧳 Merchants brought not just goods, but Islamic culture and language.​ ○​ 💃 Sufis – mystical Muslims who adapted Islam to local traditions.​ ​ Intellectual Contributions:​ ○​ 📐 Algebra & trigonometry.​ ○​ 📚 Greek classics (Aristotle, Plato) preserved & translated into Arabic.​ ○​ 🧾 Paper-making from China → spread via Islamic Spain → Europe.​ 🕉️ 3. South & Southeast Asia: Faith Shapes Empires 🗺️ Key Regions: India and Maritime Southeast Asia ​ South Asia:​ ○​ Delhi Sultanate: Islamic, minority ruling over Hindu majority.​ ➤ Jizya: tax on non-Muslims.​ ➤ Many Hindus converted for social mobility.​ ○​ Vijayanagara Empire: Hindu kingdom founded by former Muslim-converted brothers sent by Delhi Sultanate who reconverted.​ ​ Southeast Asia:​ ○​ ⛵ Strategically located for maritime trade.​ ○​ 📿 Religions like Hinduism & Buddhism spread via merchants.​ ​ 🕌 Srivijaya Empire (Hindu) – taxed ships in trade routes.​ ​ 🧘 Majapahit Kingdom (Buddhist) – controlled sea routes, prospered through trade.​ 🏹 4. The Americas: Strong States with Complex Cultures 🗿 Examples: Aztecs (Mexica), Inca, Cahokia ​ Aztecs (Mexica):​ ○​ 🌆 Tenochtitlan – capital with ~200,000 people; ziggurats, markets, canals.​ ○​ 🧾 Tribute system: conquered peoples paid goods and labor.​ ○​ ⚔️ Decentralized state using local governors.​ ○​ 🔥 Human sacrifice: religious and political control tool.​ ○​ 📚 Continuities from Maya civilization.​ 🌍 5. Sub-Saharan Africa: Trade and Religion Build States 💎 Wealth Through Trade, Not Conquest  ​ Great Zimbabwe:​ ○​ 🚢 Indian Ocean trade route participant.​ ○​ 🪙 Prosperity from gold, agriculture, cattle, and taxing trade.​ ○​ 🏰 Massive stone city → mysteriously abandoned.​ ○​ 🗣️ Developed Swahili: Bantu + Arabic (due to Muslim merchants).​ ​ Ethiopia:​ ○​ ✝️ Christian kingdom (NOT Islamic!).​ ○​ ⛪ Known for rock-hewn churches (monumental architecture = power flex).​ ○​ ✨ Unique form of Christianity = distinct from European traditions.​ ⚔️ 6. Europe: Religion, Feudalism, and Fealty 🏰 Highly Decentralized but Culturally Connected ​ State Building in Europe:​ ○​ ⛪➤ Roman Catholic Church = major unifying force.​ Ran universities, art, and education.​ ○​ 🏰➤ Feudalism = political and social order.​ King → Nobles (land) → Knights (protection) → Peasants (labor).​ ○​ 🏡 Manorialism = economic system. Peasants tied to land, worked for lords.​ ​ Religious Diversity:​ ○​ Islam in Spain until 1492 (Reconquista ends).​ ○​ Jewish minorities present, but later expelled.​ ​ Innovation in Agriculture:​ ○​ 🌾 Three-field system: rotated crops = more food → population growth.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 1 of AP World History sets the stage for understanding the complexity and diversity of global civilizations from 1200–1450. Though different in culture, governance, and religion, societies across Afro-Eurasia and the Americas developed powerful states using similar tools: centralized or decentralized bureaucracies, religious institutions for legitimacy, and participation in expanding trade networks. The diffusion of ideas (like Confucianism, Islam, and Buddhism), technological innovation (Champa rice, canals, algebra), and rich urban centers (like Tenochtitlan or Timbuktu) reflects a globally interconnected world even in the pre-modern era. Recognizing patterns of continuity and change—such as how empires used religion to justify rule or how new technologies reshaped societies—is key to mastering this unit. 🌐 Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200–1450) 🚚 1. Trade Routes Expand & Intensify 🧭 Big Idea: Trade led to cultural, technological, and commercial growth 🧵 Silk Roads (Land-based 🐪) 📌 What was traded? ​ Luxury goods: Silk, porcelain, spices, gold, horses, textiles​ ​ High value, low volume​ 🏙️ Impact on cities: ​ Cities like Samarkand and Kashgar grew rich and cosmopolitan due to their strategic positions.​ 🚀 Key Innovations: ​ 🛏️ Caravanserai: roadside inns for rest and safety → made long-distance trade safer.​ ​ 🐫 Saddles, stirrups, yolks: improved overland transport.​ ​ 💵 Money economy:​ ○​ Chinese paper money = easier to carry than coins.​ ○​ Credit and banking houses = foundation of modern finance.​ 🌊 Indian Ocean Trade (Sea-based 🚢) 📌 What was traded? ​ Bulk goods: Cotton, pepper, timber, ivory, rice​  ​ Lower value, high volume​ 🌏 Why did it grow? ​ 🌬️ Monsoon winds: predictable seasonal winds made round-trip voyages easier.​ ​ ⚓ Maritime tech:​ ○​ Lateen sails, astrolabe, compass​ ○​ Ship types: Chinese junks, Arab dhows​ 🕌 Cultural Diffusion: ​ Islam spread rapidly via merchants → created connections across East Africa, Arabia, India, and SE Asia.​ 🏙️ Port Cities: ​ Swahili Coast city-states (Kilwa, Mombasa): brokers for African goods like gold, ivory, enslaved people.​ ​ Sultanate of Malacca: controlled Strait of Malacca → wealth through taxing trade.​ 🌍 Diasporic communities: ​ Arab, Persian, and Chinese merchants settled in foreign ports.​ ○​ Blended local and home cultures → facilitated cultural diffusion.​ 🐫 Trans-Saharan Trade (Across the Sahara Desert) 📌 What was traded? ​ Gold, salt, slaves, ivory, textiles​ 🐪 Key Innovations: ​ Camels & camel saddles = essential to desert travel.​ ​ Helped connect West Africa with North Africa and Mediterranean world.​ 🏛️ Example: Mali Empire ​ Islam introduced → fostered trade ties with Dar al-Islam.​ ​ 🧔 Mansa Musa: richest man in history?​ ○​ His pilgrimage to Mecca = showcased Mali’s wealth.​ ○​ Promoted Islamic education (e.g., Timbuktu).​ 🎨 2. Cultural Diffusion Across Networks 💬 Big Idea: Religion, language, art, and technology spread across regions ☸️ Buddhism: ​ Origin: India → spread via Silk Roads​ ​ Evolved into Chan Buddhism in China (mix with Daoism)​ ​ Became Zen Buddhism in Japan.​ 🕌 Islam: ​ Spread through trade, military conquest, Sufis​ ​ Created Islamic centers of learning like Timbuktu and Samarkand​ ​ Contributed to the Swahili language (Bantu + Arabic)​ 🕉️ Hinduism & Buddhism: ​ Spread into Southeast Asia by merchants.​ ​ Influenced states like:​ ○​ 🛕 Srivijaya (Hindu)​ ○​ 🧘 Majapahit (Buddhist)​ 🧠 Technological Transfers: ​ 📚 Greek and Roman texts → translated to Arabic → preserved & passed to Europe.​ ​ 🧮 Indian numerals → adopted by Muslims → became Arabic numerals.​ ​ 🧾 Paper-making from China → Muslims → Europeans → later enabled the printing press!​ 🌆 Rise and Fall of Cities: ​ Cities grew due to trade: e.g., Kashgar, Samarkand, Malacca​ ​ Cities declined due to war/conquest: e.g., Baghdad after Mongol siege (1258)​ ✍️ 3. Travelers: Agents of Interconnection 🌍 Who traveled and why? ​ ✒️ Ibn Battuta:​ ○​ Muslim scholar from Morocco​ ○​ Traveled across Dar al-Islam (Africa, Arabia, India, SE Asia, China)​ ○​ Documented social, cultural, and religious practices.​ ​ 📚 Marco Polo:​ ○​ Venetian merchant who visited Yuan China.​ ○​ His stories sparked European interest in Asia.​ ​ 🧎‍♀️ Margery Kempe:​ ○​ English mystic and pilgrim​ ○​ Wrote one of the first autobiographies in English.​ 🌐 These travelers helped connect civilizations, spread ideas, and record cultural exchanges. 🌱 4. Biological & Agricultural Transfers 🌾 Champa Rice: ​ Introduced to China from Vietnam.​ ​ Drought-resistant, quick-ripening → multiple harvests/year.​ ​ Led to a population boom in Song China.​ 🌿 Other Agricultural Diffusions: ​ Citrus fruits, cotton, sugar from Islamic world → Mediterranean and beyond.​ ​ Techniques of farming, irrigation, and crop rotation spread through trade.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 2 of AP World History explores the vibrant and complex networks that connected Afro-Eurasia. Far from isolated, regions actively traded, migrated, and exchanged ideas. These connections weren't just economic—they were deeply cultural and technological, too. Religious beliefs adapted as they spread (e.g., Chan and Zen Buddhism), cities like Timbuktu and Samarkand became intellectual hubs, and diasporic communities blended identities across oceans. Understanding how the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and Trans-Saharan trade networks operated gives you key insights into the globalization of the pre-modern world—and prepares you to spot parallels in later units. 🏰 Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450–1750) 🌍 1. Expansion and Centralization of Land-Based Empires 🧠 Key Concept: Between 1450 and 1750, empires expanded dramatically by consolidating power through centralized bureaucracies, gunpowder weaponry, and religious legitimization. ⚔️ Gunpowder Empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals) ​ 💥 Used gunpowder weapons (muskets, cannons) to conquer and control.​ ​ 🔐 Relied on centralized governments, standing armies, and loyal bureaucrats.​ 🦅 Ottoman Empire (Anatolia, Balkans, North Africa, Middle East) ​ 👑 Led by the sultans; Suleiman the Magnificent expanded the empire and reformed laws.​ ​ 🕌 Sunni Muslim, but governed diverse groups (Christians, Jews, Shia).​ ​ 👳‍♂️ Used devshirme system to recruit Christian boys into government and military service as janissaries.​ ​ 🏛️ Tax farming: private collectors gathered taxes on behalf of the state.​ 🔥 Safavid Empire (Persia/Iran) ​ 🧕 Shia Islam made the official religion → key distinction from Sunni Ottomans.​ ​ 👑 Shah Abbas the Great modernized the army and welcomed European weapon specialists.​  ​ ⚔️ Constant conflict with the Sunni Ottomans due to religious differences.​ ​ 👤 Built strong central authority but faced internal divisions due to rigid Shia orthodoxy.​ 🕉️ Mughal Empire (India) ​ 👑 Founded by Babur, expanded by Akbar the Great.​ ​ 🧘 Akbar promoted religious tolerance, abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims), and created Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religion (short-lived).​ ​ 🕌 Later rulers like Aurangzeb reversed tolerance, reinstated jizya, leading to internal dissent.​ ​ 🌆 Constructed monumental architecture like the Taj Mahal to legitimize power.​ ​ 👥 Muslim rulers over a majority-Hindu population → religious tension.​ ❄️ Russian Empire ​ 👑 Ivan IV (the Terrible) centralized power, expanded into Siberia.​ ​ 🔨 Built power by crushing the boyars (nobility) and forming a loyal military elite.​ ​ 👑 Later rulers like Peter the Great pushed Westernization: new military, navy, dress codes, administrative reforms.​ ​ 🏰 Built St. Petersburg as a "window to the West"—symbol of modernization and imperial power.​ ⛩️ Ming and Qing Dynasties (China) ​ 🐉 The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongol Yuan; re-established Han Chinese rule.​ ​ 🌊 Early Ming: sponsored Zheng He's voyages, but later turned inward → focused on Great Wall expansion.​ ​ 🐲 Qing Dynasty (Manchus) conquered Ming → ruled a multiethnic empire.​ ​ 👑 Maintained Confucian bureaucracy, civil service exams.​  ​ 🗺️ Expanded into Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang → solidified China’s modern borders.​ ​ 🧭 Legitimized rule through Confucian ideology, ancestor veneration, and traditional Chinese rituals.​ 🛠️ 2. Consolidating Power Through Bureaucracy and Military ​ 💼 Bureaucracies allowed rulers to administer vast territories more efficiently.​ ​ 📜 Civil service exams in China → merit-based officials.​ ​ 🧾 Tax systems like tax farming (Ottomans) and land grants (Mughals) funded state expansion.​ 🕌 3. Religion as a Tool of Legitimacy ​ ⛪ Divine Right in Europe: monarchs claimed God gave them authority to rule.​ ​ 🕌 Islamic rulers (like Ottomans and Mughals) used their role as caliphs or religious protectors.​ ​ 🕍 Safavids declared Twelver Shi’ism the state religion to unify their empire.​ ​ 🧘‍♂️ Mughals (under Akbar) promoted tolerance; under Aurangzeb, Islam was used to legitimize stricter control.​ 🎨 4. Monumental Architecture = Power and Prestige ​ 🕌 Ottomans: the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul symbolized religious and political power.​ ​ ⛪ France: Palace of Versailles (Louis XIV) showed wealth and centralized royal authority.​ ​ 🏛️ Mughals: the Taj Mahal = imperial wealth + cultural blending.​  ​ 🏯 Qing Dynasty: restored and expanded the Forbidden City → symbol of dynastic authority.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 3 focuses on the rise of centralized land-based empires during the early modern period. Empires like the Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, and Qing grew by expanding territory, creating centralized bureaucracies, developing militaries backed by gunpowder, and using religion and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Despite regional differences, they shared common strategies: maintain loyalty, suppress dissent, and show off power. Understanding how rulers consolidated, legitimized, and exercised authority is crucial to mastering this unit. 🌊 Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750) 🚢 1. Maritime Exploration & Expansion 🧭 Key Concept: During this period, empires turned toward the sea. Europeans began to explore and dominate oceanic trade, connecting Afro-Eurasia and the Americas in global networks for the first time in history. ⚓ Why did this happen? ​ 📚 Renaissance curiosity + competition among states.​ ​ 💰 Desire for direct trade with Asia (especially spices).​ ​ ✝️ Missionary zeal to spread Christianity.​ ​ 💡 New technologies like:​ ○​ Astrolabe, magnetic compass, caravel (fast ships).​ ○​ Knowledge of wind patterns (esp. monsoon winds, Atlantic currents).​ 🇵🇹 Portugal leads the way: ​ 🚢 Prince Henry the Navigator: founded navigation school, sponsored early voyages.​ ​ 🌍 Vasco da Gama: reached India (1498), started direct trade with Asia.​ ​ 🏴 Trading-post empire: controlled key ports in Africa and India, but not inland.​ 🇪🇸 Spain follows:  ​ 🌎 Christopher Columbus: reached the Americas (1492) seeking a westward route to Asia.​ ​ 🌐 Spain colonized huge portions of the Americas.​ ​ 💥 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): split the world between Spain (west) and Portugal (east).​ 🏴 Other European states: ​ 🇬🇧 England: focused on North America and Caribbean.​ ​ 🇫🇷 France: colonized parts of Canada, Haiti.​ ​ 🇳🇱 Dutch: established the VOC (Dutch East India Company), dominated Indian Ocean trade for a time.​ 🧬 2. The Columbian Exchange: Biological Swap 🌽⚰️ 🔁 What it was: A massive exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the New World after 1492. 🌽 From the Americas → Europe, Africa, Asia: ​ Maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, cacao, tobacco.​ ​ 🚀 Led to population growth in Eurasia.​ 🐄 From Europe, Africa → Americas: ​ Horses, pigs, cows, wheat, rice, sugar.​ ​ 🦠 Diseases like smallpox devastated Native American populations (up to 90% in some areas).​ 👨🏿‍🌾 Human consequences: ​ Indigenous labor systems (like the encomienda) exploited Native Americans.​ ​ African slavery rapidly expanded due to labor shortages.​ ​ Transatlantic slave trade became essential to the colonial economy.​ ⛓️ 3. Labor Systems and Coerced Work 🚨 Enslavement & Exploitation: ​ Encomienda system: Spanish colonists received labor from Indigenous people (in exchange for “protection” and conversion).​ ​ Hacienda system: landowners used debt peonage to keep workers bound to land.​ ​ Mita system: borrowed from Inca; Indigenous people required to do state labor (continued under Spanish for silver mining).​ 🌍 Transatlantic Slave Trade: ​ 12–15 million Africans forcibly transported to the Americas.​ ​ 🔁 Triangular Trade:​ ○​ Slaves from Africa → Americas​ ○​ Raw goods (sugar, cotton) → Europe​ ○​ Manufactured goods → Africa​ ⚖️ Justification: ​ Racist ideologies and Christian superiority narratives used to justify slavery and colonial violence.​ 💣 4. Maritime Empires vs. Trading-Post Empires 🗺️ Maritime Empires: ​ Controlled vast overseas territories.​ ​ Examples: Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands.​ ​ Built economies on colonization, cash crops, forced labor, and mercantilism.​ 💸 Mercantilism: ​ Wealth = power.​ ​ Colonies exist only to benefit the mother country.​ ​ Goal: export more than you import.​ ​ Led to heavy state regulation of trade and colonization.​ 🧱 Joint-Stock Companies: ​ Like Dutch East India Company (VOC) and British East India Company.​ ​ Early version of corporations—private investors shared risk and profits.​ ​ Allowed states to control trade without directly funding every voyage.​ 🔗 5. Cultural Interactions and Resistance ✝️ Missionary activity: ​ Especially strong from Catholic Spain and Portugal.​ ​ Built churches, schools, and converted indigenous populations.​  ​ Often erased or syncretized with native traditions.​ 🧬 Syncretic religions: ​ Vodun (Voodoo): West African + Catholic.​ ​ Santería: African beliefs + Spanish Catholicism (esp. in Cuba).​ ​ Virgin of Guadalupe: blending of native and Catholic imagery.​ ✊ Indigenous resistance: ​ Some native groups resisted European rule through uprisings or cultural retention.​ ​ Pueblo Revolt (1680): Indigenous resistance to Spanish forced conversion in New Mexico.​ 📦 6. Changes in Social Hierarchies 🏔️ In the Americas: ​ Casta system in Spanish colonies:​ ○​ Race-based social hierarchy.​ ○​ Top = Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)​ ○​ Then = Creoles (European descent, born in colonies)​ ○​ Lower = Mestizos, Mulattoes, Indigenous, Africans​ 🎭 In Europe & Asia: ​ European elites = more merchant wealth; sometimes challenged aristocrats.​  ​ In Asia, traditional elites (samurai, zamindars) sometimes lost influence to centralized monarchies or bureaucrats.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 4 marks the beginning of global interconnection through transoceanic exploration, driven by new tech and desire for wealth and power. Maritime empires like Spain and Portugal built vast overseas empires, spreading disease, religion, and culture. The Columbian Exchange and slave trade transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Labor systems grew more coercive, while social hierarchies became increasingly racialized. Meanwhile, joint-stock companies and mercantilism laid the groundwork for the modern global economy. Understanding this unit is crucial for tracing the roots of imperialism, capitalism, and global inequality. ⚔️ Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900) 💡 1. Enlightenment Ideas Spark Revolutions 🧠 Key Concept: The Enlightenment was a global intellectual movement that challenged traditional authority and inspired political, social, and economic change. 🧠 Enlightenment Philosophers & Concepts: ​ John Locke: Natural rights — life, liberty, property; social contract theory.​ ​ Jean-Jacques Rousseau: General will of the people, direct democracy.​ ​ Voltaire: Civil liberties, religious tolerance, freedom of speech.​ ​ Montesquieu: Separation of powers in government.​ 🔥 Major Themes: ​ Reason > tradition or religion.​ ​ Governments exist to serve the people.​ ​ Liberty, equality, secularism, and reform are worth fighting for.​ 🗽 2. Political Revolutions Around the World 🇺🇸 American Revolution (1775–1783): ​ Colonists rebelled against British taxes and lack of representation.​ ​ Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & Locke's theory of government.​  ​ Outcome: Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, and Bill of Rights enshrined liberal democratic principles.​ 🇫🇷 French Revolution (1789–1799): ​ Causes: Inequality (3 Estates), economic crisis, weak monarchy, Enlightenment ideas.​ ​ Phases: Moderate → Radical → Reign of Terror → Napoleonic rise.​ ​ Effects: Abolished monarchy, inspired revolutions across Europe, led to Napoleonic Wars.​ 🇭🇹 Haitian Revolution (1791–1804): ​ 💥 Only successful slave revolt in history.​ ​ Led by Toussaint Louverture.​ ​ Overthrew French colonial rule → established Haiti as the first Black republic.​ ​ Scared slave-owning societies worldwide.​ 🇱🇷 Latin American Revolutions: ​ Inspired by American, French, and Haitian models.​ ​ Leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led fights for independence from Spain.​ ​ Goal: Get rid of peninsulares and establish creole-led republics.​ 🏭 3. Industrial Revolution Changes the World ⚙️ What was it? A shift from handmade production to machine-powered factories, starting in Britain in the 18th century. 🚀 Why Britain? ​ Coal and iron access​ ​ Large labor supply​ ​ Stable banking and legal systems​ ​ Colonies = raw materials and markets​ 🧪 Innovations: ​ Steam engine (James Watt)​ ​ Spinning Jenny, power loom → revolutionized textile production​ ​ Railroads, canals → improved transportation and boosted trade​ 🔄 Spread: ​ Quickly moved to Western Europe, the U.S., then Russia and Japan (later industrializers)​ 🧍‍♂️ 4. New Labor Systems & Social Changes 👨‍🏭 Labor: ​ Factory work = long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions​ ​ Women & children were exploited (cheap labor)​ ​ Workers moved to cities → urbanization exploded​ 👥 Social Changes: ​ Rise of the working class (proletariat)​ ​ Emergence of a powerful middle class (bourgeoisie)​ ​ Growing inequality → workers began organizing​ ✊ Reactions: ​ Labor unions formed to demand better conditions​ ​ Early socialist thinkers (Fourier, Owen) sought to reform capitalism​ ​ Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels:​ ○​ Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848)​ ○​ Predicted a proletarian revolution → classless society​ ○​ Critiqued capitalism as inherently exploitative​ 🌍 5. Global Impact of Industrialization 📦 Global Economy: ​ Demand for raw materials → intensified imperialism​ ​ Colonies were seen as sources of:​ ○​ Raw goods: cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar​ ○​ Markets for finished products​ 🌱 New Economic Systems: ​ Capitalism: Private ownership + profit motive​  ​ Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations): Free markets, laissez-faire​ ​ Mercantilism fades → replaced by free-market liberalism​ 🏭 Industry in Non-Western Nations: ​ Russia: Began state-sponsored industrialization under leaders like Alexander II​ ​ Japan: Meiji Restoration (1868) rapidly industrialized via Westernization​ ​ Egypt (under Muhammad Ali): Modernized military and cotton economy​ 🗳️ 6. Resistance & Reform Movements ✊ Political Resistance: ​ Revolutions against absolutist monarchies and colonial powers​ ​ Demands for constitutional governments, voting rights, civil liberties​ 👩‍🦱 Feminism: ​ Enlightenment inspired early feminist movements​ ​ Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman​ ​ Seneca Falls Convention (1848):​ ○​ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott​ ○​ Declaration of Sentiments demanded suffrage and legal rights for women​ 🌏 Anti-Colonial Reactions:  ​ Some local leaders embraced reforms to strengthen against imperialism.​ ​ Others resisted outright (e.g., sepoy uprising in India — see Unit 6).​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 5 represents a turning point in global history. Enlightenment ideas inspired revolutions that shattered old political systems. Simultaneously, the Industrial Revolution transformed economies, labor systems, and social hierarchies. While industrial powers grew rich, colonized and rural societies were pulled into exploitative global networks. But the era also birthed reform movements — from socialism and labor unions to feminism — that challenged the status quo and shaped the modern world. 🌐 Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750–1900) 🧠 Big Themes: ​ 📈 Industrialized nations expand empires and dominate global trade.​ ​ 🌎 Colonized peoples resist, adapt, and suffer.​ ​ ⛏️ Raw materials are extracted for imperial profit.​ ​ 🚶‍♀️ Massive migration reshapes labor and demographics worldwide.​ 🗺️ 1. Ideologies Justifying Imperialism 🧬 Social Darwinism: ​ Misapplied Darwin’s ideas of “survival of the fittest” to humans.​ ​ Justified European dominance as "natural."​ ​ Encouraged ideas of racial superiority.​ 🏳️‍🌈 "The White Man’s Burden": ​ Popularized by Rudyard Kipling.​ ​ Claimed Europeans had a moral duty to civilize non-Europeans.​ ​ Used to justify imperialism and colonization.​ ✝️ Religious motives:  ​ Spread Christianity through missionary activity.​ ​ Built schools and churches in colonies, often dismissing native cultures.​ 🎌 Nationalism: ​ Empire-building became a source of national pride.​ ​ “Who has the biggest empire?” = international flex.​ 🏴‍☠️ 2. Imperial Expansion: State and Non-State Actors 🏰 European Empires Grow: ​ Britain: India, Egypt, South Africa​ ​ France: West Africa, Indochina​ ​ Germany, Belgium, Italy: joined in late​ 💥 Scramble for Africa: ​ 🗺️ Berlin Conference (1884–1885): European powers divided Africa with no African input.​ ​ Raw materials: gold, rubber, diamonds, palm oil.​ 🌏 Asia & the Pacific: ​ Britain: tightened grip on India (after Sepoy Rebellion)​ ​ Dutch: took over Indonesia​ ​ U.S.: entered the game (Philippines after Spanish-American War)​  ​ Japan: Meiji Restoration → beat China and Russia, took Korea, Taiwan​ 🏢 Non-state imperialism: ​ British East India Company: ruled large parts of India until 1857.​ ​ King Leopold II (Belgium): ruled Congo as personal colony → brutal exploitation → transferred to Belgian state due to international outrage.​ ✊ 3. Resistance to Imperialism 🔫 Direct resistance: ​ Túpac Amaru II in Peru: revolt against Spanish rule.​ ​ Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny): sparked by religious insensitivity and deeper grievances.​ ​ Zulu Kingdom under Shaka: resisted British colonization.​ 🧠 New independent states: ​ Balkans: Greece, Serbia, and others broke away from Ottoman rule.​ ​ Rise of nationalism among diverse ethnic groups.​ 🧙‍♀️ Religious-based resistance: ​ Ghost Dance Movement (U.S.): Native spiritual revival → crushed at Wounded Knee.​ ​ Xhosa Cattle Killing (South Africa): spiritual prophecy → economic ruin and starvation.​ ⛏️ 4. Imperial Economies: Exploitation of Resources 🌾 Cash crops replace subsistence farming: ​ Colonized people forced to grow for export, not local consumption.​ ​ Crops: cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, coffee, cocoa.​ 🐄 Examples: ​ Argentina/Uruguay: beef ranching for European markets.​ ​ Peru/Chile: guano (bird poop fertilizer) exports.​ ​ India/Egypt: cotton production for British textile industry.​ 🏭 Colonies as economic extensions: ​ Raw materials → mother country.​ ​ Manufactured goods → colonies.​ ​ Profits stayed in Europe, not colonies.​ 🧰 5. Economic Imperialism 💸 What is it? When powerful nations control economies of weaker regions without direct political rule. 🇨🇳 China and the Opium Wars:  ​ Britain smuggled opium to fix trade deficit.​ ​ China banned opium → British war → China lost.​ ​ Treaty of Nanking: gave Britain Hong Kong, open ports, and “most favored nation” status.​ ​ China divided into spheres of influence by Western powers and Japan.​ 🍌 Latin America: ​ Heavily influenced by U.S. and British economic imperialism.​ ​ Dependent on exports of cash crops and mining resources.​ ​ U.S. used Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary to justify intervention.​ 🌍 6. Migration in the Industrial Age 🧳 Why did people move? ​ Work opportunities (esp. in colonies or industrializing regions).​ ​ Poverty, famine, political unrest (e.g. Irish Potato Famine, poverty in India & China).​ 🛠️ Labor Systems: ​ Indentured servitude: workers signed contracts to labor for several years in exchange for passage.​ ​ Contract labor: low-paid workers (esp. Chinese and Indian) hired to replace slave labor.​ ​ Penal colonies: convicts sent to places like Australia for labor.​ 🌏 Where did they go?  ​ Indians → British Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji​ ​ Chinese → SE Asia, Americas, U.S. railroads​ ​ Irish & Italians → U.S., Argentina​ 🏘️ 7. Impact of Migration 🏙️ Urbanization: ​ Immigrants flooded cities, worked in factories and infrastructure (railroads, ports).​ ​ Massive population growth in industrial centers.​ 🏘️ Ethnic Enclaves: ​ Immigrants formed tight-knit communities in foreign cities.​ ​ Preserved language, religion, customs.​ ○​ 🏮 Chinatowns, 🇮🇹 Little Italys, 🇮🇳 Indian communities in Africa/Caribbean.​ 🤬 Racial Discrimination: ​ Backlash against immigrants led to nativist laws:​ ○​ Chinese Exclusion Act (U.S., 1882)​ ○​ White Australia Policy​ ​ Immigrants blamed for crime, job loss, cultural erosion.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 6 captures the explosive consequences of industrialization: stronger empires, new racial ideologies, and systems of economic domination over vast areas of the globe. Colonies were restructured to serve imperial needs, often at the expense of their own populations. But this period also saw intense resistance, widespread migration, and the reorganization of labor across continents. The era laid the foundation for modern global inequality and nationalist revolutions to come. 💣 Unit 7: Global Conflict (1900–present) 🧨 1. Causes of Global Conflict 🌍 Global Context: ​ By 1900, imperial rivalries, nationalism, militarism, and industrialization had escalated tension.​ ​ Empires ruled over restless colonies.​ ​ Mass production enabled deadlier weapons.​ ​ The world was a powder keg, just needing a spark...​ 💥 MAIN Causes of WWI: Use the acronym M.A.I.N.: ​ Militarism: Arms race and glorification of the military.​ ​ Alliances: Secret defense agreements (e.g., Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente).​ ​ Imperialism: Competition for colonies and global influence.​ ​ Nationalism: Extreme pride → ethnic tensions and independence movements.​ 🔫 The Spark: ​ 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austrian heir) by a Serbian nationalist.​ ​ Triggered alliance obligations → World War I begins.​ 🌍 2. Total War and New Technologies ⚔️ Total War: ​ All of society mobilized: civilians, economy, industry, media.​ ​ 📰 Propaganda used to recruit, raise morale, and demonize enemies.​ ​ 👩‍🏭 Women joined the workforce as men went to fight.​ 🧪 New Technologies: ​ Trench warfare = stalemate, horrific living conditions.​ ​ Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines → mass casualties.​ ​ Death toll: ~16 million.​ 🕊️ 3. The Interwar Period (1919–1939) 📝 Treaty of Versailles (1919): ​ Blamed Germany for the war → heavy reparations, loss of land, military restrictions.​ ​ Created the League of Nations (weak, U.S. never joined).​ ​ Humiliation fueled German anger → rise of Hitler.​ 🏛️ Collapse of Empires: ​ Ottoman Empire → broken into mandates (British/French control in the Middle East).​ ​ Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German empires also collapse.​ 📉 Global Depression (1929): ​ Stock market crash → global economic collapse.​ ​ Mass unemployment, inflation, suffering.​ ​ Weakened democratic governments, gave rise to authoritarian regimes.​ 🏴‍☠️ 4. Rise of Authoritarian Regimes 🇩🇪 Fascist Germany (Nazis): ​ Adolf Hitler rose to power with promises of German glory, economic recovery, anti-Semitism.​ ​ Violated Versailles Treaty: rearmed, invaded land, formed Axis alliance.​ 🇮🇹 Fascist Italy: ​ Benito Mussolini promised Roman glory.​ ​ Invaded Ethiopia in 1935.​ 🇯🇵 Imperial Japan: ​ Rapidly industrialized, sought empire → invaded Manchuria (1931), China (1937).​ ​ Wanted to dominate the Pacific ("Asia for Asians").​ ☭ Communist USSR: ​ Russian Revolution (1917): Lenin overthrows tsar → establishes first communist state.​  ​ Stalin takes over: brutal rule, collectivization, Great Purge, 5-Year Plans to industrialize.​ 🌍 5. World War II (1939–1945) 🧨 Causes: ​ Appeasement: Britain & France let Hitler expand unchecked (e.g., Sudetenland, Rhineland).​ ​ 1939: Germany invades Poland → WWII begins.​ 🛡️ Major Events: ​ Blitzkrieg: lightning-fast German warfare.​ ​ Fall of France, Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa (invasion of USSR).​ ​ Pearl Harbor (1941): U.S. enters war.​ ​ D-Day (1944): Allied invasion of France.​ ​ Atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945): ends war in the Pacific.​ 🔥 Genocide: ​ The Holocaust: ~6 million Jews murdered, along with Roma, disabled, LGBTQ+, political enemies.​ ​ Nazi ideology fueled by racism and anti-Semitism.​ 🌐 Outcomes: ​ Formation of United Nations (UN).​  ​ U.S. and USSR emerge as superpowers.​ ​ Europe is devastated → decolonization accelerates.​ ​ Beginning of the Cold War.​ ❄️ 6. The Cold War (intro to Unit 8) While fully explored in Unit 8, Unit 7 ends by setting up the bipolar world: ​ Capitalism vs. Communism​ ​ U.S. vs. USSR​ ​ Global struggle without direct warfare between the superpowers.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 7 reveals the deadliest era in world history. Driven by imperial tensions, nationalism, and rapid industrialization, two world wars reshaped the globe. New ideologies—fascism, communism, and militaristic nationalism—gained traction amid economic collapse. These ideologies fueled global conflicts and genocides, ultimately redrawing borders, collapsing empires, and shifting global power to the U.S. and USSR. Understanding this period is essential to grasp the roots of the Cold War and the modern global order. ❄️ Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization (1900–present) 🌍 1. The Cold War: A Global Ideological Struggle 🧠 Key Conflict: ​ U.S. (capitalist, democratic) 🆚 USSR (communist, authoritarian)​ ​ No direct war between them — instead: proxy wars, espionage, arms race, propaganda.​ 💣 Causes: ​ Post-WWII power vacuum.​ ​ Mistrust after broken alliances (e.g., Stalin’s promises in Eastern Europe).​ ​ Conflicting ideologies: freedom & markets vs. state control & equality.​ 🧊 Cold War Tensions: ​ Iron Curtain: Dividing line in Europe between capitalist West & communist East.​ ​ NATO (1949) vs. Warsaw Pact (1955): military alliances.​ ​ Nuclear Arms Race: both sides built enough nukes to destroy the world.​ ​ Space Race: USSR launched Sputnik, U.S. landed on the moon.​ ⚔️ 2. Proxy Wars and Hot Spots The Cold War wasn't “cold” for much of the world. Proxy wars = indirect conflict via allies. 🇰🇷 Korean War (1950–1953): ​ North (USSR/China-backed) vs. South (U.S./UN-backed).​ ​ Ends in stalemate at the 38th parallel — still divided today.​ 🇻🇳 Vietnam War: ​ U.S. tried to stop spread of communism in South Vietnam.​ ​ Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong fought for unification under communism.​ ​ U.S. lost; Vietnam united under communism in 1975.​ 🇦🇫 Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989): ​ USSR invades Afghanistan.​ ​ U.S. supports Mujahideen fighters.​ ​ USSR eventually withdraws — seen as "their Vietnam."​ 🌎 Latin America: ​ U.S. backed anti-communist dictators (e.g., Chile, Nicaragua).​ ​ Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro turns Cuba communist.​ ​ Leads to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) — almost sparks nuclear war.​ 🌐 3. Decolonization and the End of Empires 🌍 Why now?  ​ WWII weakened imperial powers (France, Britain).​ ​ Enlightenment + nationalism = desire for self-rule.​ ​ Cold War: U.S. & USSR supported decolonization (for different reasons).​ 📢 Methods of Decolonization: ✊ Negotiated Independence: ​ India (1947): nonviolent resistance under Gandhi → independence from Britain.​ ​ Ghana: peaceful transfer led by Kwame Nkrumah.​ 🔫 Armed Resistance: ​ Algeria: brutal war vs. France.​ ​ Vietnam: war vs. France, then U.S.​ ​ Kenya: Mau Mau Rebellion vs. British settlers.​ 👑 Former Colonizers Adapt: ​ Some retained influence via neo-colonialism (economic, political pressure).​ 🌍 4. Challenges for New States 🔁 Partition & Ethnic Conflict: ​ India/Pakistan: partition caused mass migrations and violence.​ ​ Palestine: creation of Israel (1948) led to Arab-Israeli conflict.​ ​ Rwanda: Hutu vs. Tutsi → genocide (1994).​ 🛠️ Economic Struggles: ​ Lack of infrastructure.​ ​ Reliance on single-export economies.​ ​ Debt to former colonial powers.​ 🚨 Authoritarianism: ​ Some leaders became dictators (e.g., Mobutu in Congo, Idi Amin in Uganda).​ ​ Others, like Nasser in Egypt, used state-sponsored industrialization and nationalism.​ 📜 5. Global Movements for Civil Rights and Equality ✊ Anti-Apartheid in South Africa: ​ Apartheid: legalized racial segregation.​ ​ Resistance led by Nelson Mandela.​ ​ Ended in 1994 with multiracial elections.​ 🇺🇸 U.S. Civil Rights Movement: ​ Led by Martin Luther King Jr.​ ​ Aimed to end segregation and secure voting rights for Black Americans.​ 👩‍🦱 Feminist Movements: ​ Second-wave feminism: Equal pay, reproductive rights, end gender discrimination.​  ​ Spread globally through media, education, and international organizations.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 8 reveals a world transformed by ideological rivalry and collapsing empires. The Cold War shaped geopolitics through alliances, proxy wars, and nuclear threats. At the same time, decolonization unraveled centuries of imperial rule, as new nations emerged through negotiation or conflict. Many faced enormous challenges, from poverty to ethnic strife. Meanwhile, civil rights and feminist movements demanded greater equality and freedom, reshaping societies on nearly every continent. The struggle between capitalism and communism, along with the rise of postcolonial states, defined the late 20th century. 🌐 Unit 9: Globalization (1900–present) 🧠 1. Technology Transforms the Modern World 🚀 Innovations in Science & Tech: ​ Green Revolution: new fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crops.​ ○​ Boosted food production (esp. India & Mexico).​ ○​ Critics: environmental damage, increased inequality.​ ​ Medical advances: antibiotics, vaccines, artificial hearts.​ ○​ Increased life expectancy globally.​ ​ Energy:​ ○​ Nuclear power (efficient but controversial).​ ○​ Continued use of fossil fuels despite climate concerns.​ ​ Digital Revolution:​ ○​ Personal computers, Internet, mobile phones → instant global communication.​ 📈 2. Global Economy and Neoliberalism 💸 Economic Liberalization: ​ Neoliberalism: free markets, less government interference.​ ○​ Spread during the 1980s (esp. under Reagan and Thatcher).​ ​ Countries reduced tariffs, privatized industries, encouraged investment.​ ​ Free trade agreements:​  ○​ NAFTA (U.S.–Mexico–Canada)​ ○​ WTO (World Trade Organization)​ 🌏 Multinational Corporations: ​ Operate in multiple countries to cut costs & access new markets.​ ​ Examples: Apple, McDonald’s, Nestlé, Toyota.​ ​ Critics: widen income inequality, exploit workers.​ 👷‍♂️ Shifting Labor: ​ Outsourcing: jobs move from developed to developing nations.​ ​ Rise of service economies (esp. tech, finance).​ ​ Global supply chains link countries in economic interdependence.​ 🌎 3. Global Culture and Resistance 🌐 Cultural Globalization: ​ Mass media, Internet, and migration blend and spread culture.​ ​ Popular culture becomes global:​ ○​ American fast food 🍔​ ○​ Bollywood films 🎬​ ○​ K-pop 🎵​ ○​ FIFA & Olympics 🏅​ 🧬 Cultural Syncretism: ​ Cultures adapt and blend — e.g., yoga in the West, fusion cuisines.​ ​ English becomes dominant global language for business and diplomacy.​ 🚨 Resistance to Global Culture: ​ Concerns about Western cultural dominance and erosion of local traditions.​ ​ Rise of nationalism and fundamentalist movements.​ ✊ 4. Social Movements in the Global Era 🌱 Environmentalism: ​ Concern over pollution, deforestation, and climate change.​ ​ Paris Climate Agreement (2015): nations commit to reducing carbon emissions.​ ​ Greta Thunberg & youth-led climate activism 🌍​ 🚺 Feminist Movements Continue: ​ Global push for women’s education, legal rights, and workplace equality.​ ​ International campaigns against child marriage, gender violence, and wage gaps.​ 🌈 LGBTQ+ Rights: ​ Expanded legal protections in many countries.​ ​ Pride movements, same-sex marriage legalization (e.g., U.S. in 2015).​ 💻 Digital Activism: ​ Social media as tool for protest, awareness, and organizing.​ ​ Arab Spring, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo → all powered by online networks.​ 💥 5. Global Conflicts and Continuities 🕊️ New Peacekeeping Efforts: ​ UN (United Nations) works to prevent war, protect rights, aid development.​ ​ Humanitarian responses to natural disasters and genocides.​ 🛑 Continuities in Inequality and Violence: ​ Terrorism: al-Qaeda (9/11), ISIS, Boko Haram.​ ​ Ethnic conflicts: Darfur, Myanmar, Israel–Palestine.​ ​ Wealth gap continues — digital divide, urban vs. rural inequality.​ 🧠 Summary Paragraph Unit 9 brings AP World History to a close by showing how technology, economy, and culture interconnected humanity like never before. While globalization brought unprecedented prosperity, communication, and cultural blending, it also created tensions: rising inequality, environmental degradation, cultural loss, and persistent conflict. Social and environmental movements responded with calls for justice, rights, and sustainability. This unit shows that the story of the modern world is one of interdependence, resistance, and transformation. 🌍 AP World History: 1200–1450 Summary (Units 1–2) 🏯 Major Civilizations & States ​ Song China: Confucian bureaucracy, civil service exams, Champa rice → growth.​ ​ Dar al-Islam: Fragmented (Delhi Sultanate, Mamluks), advanced science & math, spread via trade & Sufis.​ ​ South Asia: Hindu & Buddhist influence in SE Asia (Srivijaya, Majapahit).​ ​ Africa: Mali (Mansa Musa), Swahili coast (blended Bantu + Islam), Great Zimbabwe.​ ​ Europe: Feudalism, Catholic Church unifies, start of centralized monarchies.​ ​ Americas: Aztecs (tribute, sacrifice), Inca (roads, mit’a labor), regional trade.​ 🛤️ Key Trade Routes ​ Silk Roads: Luxury goods; caravanserai, paper money; spread Buddhism, Islam.​ ​ Indian Ocean: Bulk goods; monsoon winds; diasporic merchant communities.​ ​ Trans-Saharan: Gold-salt trade; Islam in West Africa; camel tech expanded routes.​ 🧬 Cultural Diffusion ​ Religion: Islam (via trade/missionaries), Buddhism (E/SE Asia), Christianity (Europe).​ ​ Tech: Paper-making, numerals, naval tools.​ ​ Travelers: Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Margery Kempe → documented global diversity.​ 🌱 Environmental Exchange ​ New crops: Champa rice (China), bananas (Africa) → population growth.​ ​ Urbanization: Samarkand, Malacca, Timbuktu thrive as trade hubs.​ 🧠 Key Themes ​ Trade = economic + cultural exchange.​ ​ Religion = legitimation + resistance.​ ​ States use bureaucracy, tribute, and religion to rule. 🏴 AP World History: 1450–1750 Summary (Units 3–4) 🏰 Land-Based Empires (Unit 3) 🌍 Expansion & Centralization ​ Empires used gunpowder, bureaucracies, and religion to consolidate power.​ ​ Ottoman Empire: Sunni Islam, janissaries, devshirme.​ ​ Safavid Empire: Shia Islam, conflict with Ottomans.​ ​ Mughal Empire: Akbar (tolerance), Aurangzeb (repression), monumental architecture (Taj Mahal).​ ​ Russia: Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great → westernization, military reforms.​ ​ Qing China: Manchu rule, Confucian bureaucracy, expanded borders.​ 🏛️ Legitimization of Power ​ Religion (Islam, Confucianism, divine right), monumental architecture (Versailles, mosques), and art.​ 🚢 Maritime Empires & Global Exchange (Unit 4) 🌊 European Exploration ​ Driven by God, gold, glory + new tech (compass, caravel, astrolabe).​ ​ Portugal: trading-post empire in Africa & Asia.​ ​ Spain: colonized the Americas, Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).​ ​ England, France, Netherlands: North America, Caribbean, India.​ 🔁 Columbian Exchange  ​ Americas → Europe: corn, potatoes, tobacco.​ ​ Europe → Americas: horses, pigs, wheat, diseases (smallpox).​ ​ Massive Native depopulation.​ ⚖️ Labor Systems ​ Encomienda, hacienda, and mita systems exploit Indigenous labor.​ ​ African slavery expands due to demand for sugar, silver, and cash crops.​ ​ Triangular Trade → Atlantic Slave Trade.​ 📈 Key Themes ​ Maritime empires rise; land empires strengthen.​ ​ Global trade increases; cultural blending and resistance occur.​ ​ Europe becomes dominant in world trade. ⚙️ AP World History: 1750–1900 Summary (Units 5–6) 🔥 Unit 5: Revolutions 💡 Enlightenment Ideas ​ Natural rights, liberty, popular sovereignty (Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire).​ ​ Inspired revolutions + reform movements globally.​ 🗽 Major Revolutions ​ American (1776): freedom from Britain, Enlightenment ideals.​ ​ French (1789): ended monarchy, led to Napoleon.​ ​ Haitian (1791): only successful slave revolt (Toussaint Louverture).​ ​ Latin American (early 1800s): creoles (Bolívar) push out Europeans.​ 🏭 Industrial Revolution ​ Began in Britain (coal, capital, colonies).​ ​ Spread to U.S., Europe, Russia, Japan (Meiji Restoration).​ ​ Key tech: steam engine, factory system, railroads.​ 👷 Labor & Responses ​ Harsh factory life → rise of working class.​ ​ Labor unions, socialism (Marx), feminism, abolition movements.​ 🏴‍☠️ Unit 6: Imperialism 🌍 Why Imperialism? ​ Industrialization drove demand for raw materials + markets.​ ​ Justified by Social Darwinism, racism, Christianity, nationalism.​ 🗺️ Imperial Expansion ​ Europe: Scramble for Africa (Berlin Conference), India, SE Asia.​ ​ Japan: Meiji → took Korea, Taiwan.​ ​ U.S.: Philippines, Latin America.​ ​ Non-state actors: British East India Co., King Leopold in Congo.​ ✊ Resistance ​ Rebellions: Sepoy Revolt (India), Zulu resistance, Túpac Amaru II.​ ​ New states: Balkans break from Ottomans.​ ⛏️ Economic Exploitation ​ Cash crops (cotton, rubber, palm oil) replace subsistence farming.​ ​ Colonies serve imperial economies, not local needs.​ 🚶‍♂️ Migration ​ Causes: poverty, indentured servitude, labor demand.​ ​ Effects: urbanization, ethnic enclaves, anti-immigrant laws (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act). 🌐 1900–Present (Units 7–9) This covers global conflict, decolonization, the Cold War, and globalization. 💣 Unit 7: Global Conflict (1900–1945) 🌍 Causes of World Wars ​ MAIN causes (WWI): Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.​ ​ WWI (1914–1918): trench warfare, total war, Treaty of Versailles → German resentment.​ ​ WWII (1939–1945): Fascism (Hitler, Mussolini), appeasement, expansion (Japan/Germany).​ ☠️ Impacts ​ Holocaust: ~6 million Jews killed.​ ​ End of Empires: Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians fall.​ ​ United Nations (1945) formed.​ ​ U.S. & USSR = global superpowers.​ ❄️ Unit 8: Cold War & Decolonization (1945–1991) ❄️ Cold War Rivalry ​ U.S. vs. USSR: capitalism vs. communism.​ ​ Proxy wars: Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan.​ ​ Cuban Missile Crisis, nuclear arms race, space race.​ ✊ Decolonization ​ India (Gandhi), Ghana (Kwame Nkrumah) gain independence.​  ​ Violent struggles in Algeria, Vietnam, Kenya.​ ​ New challenges: poverty, ethnic conflict, authoritarianism.​ 📢 Civil Rights Movements ​ U.S. Civil Rights (MLK), Anti-Apartheid (Mandela), feminism, LGBTQ+ rights rise.​ 📲 Unit 9: Globalization (1991–present) 💻 Technology & Economy ​ Green Revolution, vaccines, Internet = population boom, global communication.​ ​ Neoliberalism, free trade (NAFTA, WTO), outsourcing, multinational corporations.​ 🌍 Global Culture & Challenges ​ Cultural diffusion via media, migration.​ ​ Resistance to Westernization.​ ​ Global activism: climate change, feminism, digital protest.​ ⚖️ Inequality & Conflict ​ Terrorism (9/11, ISIS), ethnic violence (Rwanda, Myanmar).​ ​ Global wealth gap and environmental crises continue. 📆 AP World History: Timeline of Key Events by Time Period 🟢 1200–1450 (Units 1–2: Global Tapestry & Networks of Exchange) ​ c. 1206: Founding of the Delhi Sultanate in India​ ​ 1258: Mongols sack Baghdad, end of Abbasid Caliphate​ ​ 1271–1295: Marco Polo travels through Mongol Empire​ ​ c. 1300s: Rise of Mali Empire under Mansa Musa​ ​ 1324: Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca​ ​ 1347–1351: Black Death spreads via Silk Roads and Mediterranean​ ​ 1368: Ming Dynasty established in China​ ​ 1405–1433: Zheng He’s voyages under the Ming Dynasty​ 🟡 1450–1750 (Units 3–4: Land-Based & Maritime Empires) ​ 1453: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire​ ​ 1492: Columbus sails to the Americas; Spain begins colonization​ ​ 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world between Spain & Portugal​ ​ 1498: Vasco da Gama reaches India (Portuguese Indian Ocean trade)​ ​ 1521: Fall of Aztec Empire to Hernán Cortés (Spanish conquest)​ ​ 1533: Fall of Inca Empire to Francisco Pizarro​ ​ 1571: Spanish establish Manila as a key global trade hub​ ​ 1600: British East India Company founded​  ​ 1644: Qing Dynasty replaces Ming in China​ ​ 1683: Ottoman siege of Vienna fails (peak of Ottoman expansion)​ 🔵 1750–1900 (Units 5–6: Revolutions & Industrialization) ​ 1776: American Revolution begins; Declaration of Independence​ ​ 1789: French Revolution begins​ ​ 1791: Haitian Revolution begins (ends in 1804)​ ​ 1804: Haiti becomes first Black republic​ ​ 1810–1825: Latin American independence movements (Bolívar, San Martín)​ ​ 1839–1842: First Opium War (China vs. Britain)​ ​ 1857: Sepoy Rebellion in India → end of British East India Co.​ ​ 1861: Emancipation of serfs in Russia​ ​ 1868: Meiji Restoration begins in Japan​ ​ 1871: Unification of Germany under Bismarck​ ​ 1884–1885: Berlin Conference divides Africa among Europeans​ ​ 1898: Spanish–American War → U.S. acquires Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico​ 🔴 1900–Present (to 1991) (Units 7–8: Global Conflict, Cold War, Decolonization) ​ 1914–1918: World War I​ ​ 1917: Russian Revolution → Bolsheviks take power​ ​ 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed​ ​ 1939–1945: World War II​  ​ 1945: United Nations founded; atomic bombs on Hiroshima/Nagasaki​ ​ 1947: Partition of India and Pakistan​ ​ 1948: Establishment of Israel​ ​ 1949: Communist victory in Chinese Civil War (People’s Republic of China)​ ​ 1950–1953: Korean War​ ​ 1954–1975: Vietnam War​ ​ 1955–1991: Non-Aligned Movement forms (Bandung Conference)​ ​ 1960s: Independence for many African nations​ ​ 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis​ ​ 1989: Fall of Berlin Wall​ ​ 1991: Collapse of the Soviet Union → end of Cold War​ 🟣 1991–Present (Unit 9: Globalization) ​ 1994: Rwandan Genocide​ ​ 2001: 9/11 attacks → Global War on Terror​ ​ 2008: Global financial crisis​ ​ 2015: Paris Climate Agreement signed​ ​ 2020: COVID-19 pandemic begins