AMT 1101 Airport and Airways Introduction to Airports PDF

Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology...

Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department INTRODUCTION TO AIRPORT LEARNIING AIRPORT STRUCTURE & TERMINAL DESIGN MODULE 1 KINDS & TYPES OF AN AIRPORT Course Learning Outcomes [CLO] Module Learning Outcomes [MLO] CLO 1. Express the ideas on the history and development Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO] of airport and its application MLO 1. Discuss the airport that nowadays. details a location where CLO 2. Explains the basic and aircraft takeoff and land. TLO 1. Differentiate the primary function of airports MLO 2. Explains the important concepts of early airport and its category. details of airport history and its designs. CLO 3. Identify the different development. TLO 2. Identify the different structure design of an airport, MLO 3. Identify the code that structures and terminal facilities and equipment an airport is using that can be designs of an airport available on airport. an ICAO or IATA airport code. MLO 4. Able to describe the development of an airport.. PRELIMINARY PERIOD AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page 1  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Time Allotment Introduction to Airport 3 45 minutes Airport Structure 8 25 minutes Airport Terminal Design 11 25 minutes Kinds of Airport 14 45 minutes Types of Airport 18 30 minutes Honesty Clause 20 Enrichment Activity 20 60 minutes References 22 AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 2  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology LEARNING Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO AIRPORT AIRPORT is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps takeoff and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and land, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminal buildings. Figure 1. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, seaplane docks and ramps, air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. A military airport is known as an airbase or air station. INFRASTRUCTURE Figure 2 TYPICAL AIRPORT INSFRASTRUCTURE AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 3  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Smaller or less-developed airports — which represent the vast majority — often have a single runway shorter than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Larger airports for airline flights generally have paved runways 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or longer. Many small airports have dirt, grass, or gravel runways, rather than asphalt or concrete. Figure 3 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT The first use of the term "airport" originated in Southampton, England; when the flying boats landed and departed from the port of Southampton, it was named ‘air-port’ by the Mayor of Southampton. The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane could approach at any angle that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated the drag from grass. However, these only functioned well in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would allow landings, rain or shine, day or night. College Park Airport in Maryland, US- The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport, Douglas, Arizona, US- Another claim to be the world's oldest airport, which had the first airplane in the state. 1908- The Douglas Aeronautical Club was formed, starting with a glider made from mail order plans. This glider was pulled into the air by two horses and flown behind the Douglas YMCA building. 1909- A motor and propeller were put on the airplane, making it the first powered airplane in Arizona. The airport's status as the first international airport in the US is confirmed by a letter from President Roosevelt declaring it "the first international airport of the Americas". AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 4  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Figure 4. Albany International Airport- Is the oldest municipal airport in the United States. Shoreham Airport was created near Brighton, Sussex, England in 1910 and is Britain's oldest municipal airport today. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol- Opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota- Opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport- Opened 1916, is also a contender. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope. Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919- The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 5  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919- The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. Following World War II, airport design became more sophisticated. Passenger buildings were being grouped together in an island, with runways arranged in groups about the terminal. This arrangement permitted expansion of the facilities. But it also meant that passengers had to travel further to reach their plane. An improvement in the landing field was the introduction of grooves in the concrete surface. These run perpendicular to the direction of the landing aircraft and serve to draw off excess water in rainy conditions that could build up in front of the plane's wheels. 1960s- Airport construction boomed with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. 1960s- Also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became common place in the United States by the 1970s. Modern runways are thickest in the area where aircraft move slowly and are expected to have maximum load, i.e. runway ends. A common myth is that airplanes produce their greatest load during landing due to the "impact" of landing. This is untrue as much of the aircraft weight remains on the wings due to lift. Runways are constructed as smooth and level as possible. AIRPORT DESIGNATION AND NAMING Airports are uniquely represented by their International Air Transport Association airport code and ICAO airport code. An International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code is often an abbreviation of the airport's common name, particularly older ones, such as PHL for Philadelphia International Airport. An airport sometimes retains its previous IATA code when its name, or even when its location is changed. Hong Kong International Airport retained both its name and its IATA code when moved from Kai Tak to Chek Lap Kok in 1998. AAC (HEAR) El Arish International Airport El Arish, Egypt ABQ (KABQ) Albuquerque International Sunport Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States ALB (KALB) Albany International Airport Albany, New York, United States MNL (RPLL) - Ninoy Aquino International Airport - Manila, Philippines The name of the airport itself can be its location, such as San Francisco International Airport. It can be named after some public figure, commonly a politician, e.g. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, or a person associated with the region it serves or prominent figures in aviation history, such as Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport, Will Rogers World Airport, Liverpool John Lennon Airport, Rio AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 6  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, or more recently, Belfast City Airport was renamed George Best Belfast City Airport in memory of the football star born in Northern Ireland. Some airports have unofficial names, possibly so widely circulated that its official name is little used or even known. Airport names may include the word "International", reflecting their ability to handle international aviation traffic, although the airport may not actually operate any such flights; an example is Texel International Airport. Some airports with international immigration facilities may also choose to drop the word from their airport names (e.g. Perth Airport, Singapore Changi Airport). AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 7  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department AIRPORT STRUCTURE Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations, tank farms and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways, ramps and tank farms. Figure 1. AIRSIDE AREA (left) ; LANDSIDE AREA (right) I. AIRSIDE AREAS RUNWAY is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft can take off and land and forms part of the maneuvering area. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, or salt). Figure 2. RUNWAY TAXIWAY is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel or grass. Busy airports typically construct high-speed or rapid- exit taxiways in order to allow aircraft to leave the runway at higher speeds. This allows the aircraft to vacate the runway quicker, permitting another to land in a shorter space of time. Figure 3. TAXIWAY AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 8  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department AIRPORT RAMP, the airport ramp or apron is part of an airport. It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access. Figure 4. AIRPORT RAMP II. LANDSIDE AREAS PARKING LOT (known as a car park in countries such as Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and Ireland), also known as car lot, is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a durable or semi-durable surface. In most countries where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a feature of every city and suburban area. Shopping malls, sports stadiums, megachurches and similar venues often feature parking lots of immense area. Figure 5. PARKING LOT PUBLIC TRANSPORT (also public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) comprises passenger transportation services which are available for use by the general public, as opposed to modes for private use such as automobiles or vehicles for hire. Public transport services are usually funded by fares charged to each passenger, with varying levels of subsidy from local or national tax revenue; fully-subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 9  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Figure 6. PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESS ROADS provide critical links between public-use airport facilities and the public roadway network serving the surrounding area. Public access roads on airport property provide access to public areas on an airport. Funding sources for access roads vary based on the location of the roads. The design and construction of access roads built within airport property boundaries are eligible for federal capital improvement funding and state funding through the Airport Capital Program. Figure 7. AIRPORT RAMP PERIMETER ROADS provide restricted access within an airport’s airfield. These perimeter roads are used by airport, and FAA staff to conduct business activities, such as security checks and maintenance work, on an airport. Airport Capital Program funds may be used to design and construct perimeter roads. Figure 8. Perimeter Roads AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 10  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department AIRPORT TERMINAL is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. Figure 9. Airport Terminals AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN Due to the rapid rise in popularity of passenger flight, many early terminals were built in the 1930s-1940's and reflected the popular art deco style architecture of the time. One such surviving example from 1940 is the Houston Municipal Airport Terminal. Early airport terminals opened directly onto the tarmac: passengers would walk or take a bus to their aircraft. This design is still common among smaller airports, and even many larger airports have "bus gates" to accommodate aircraft beyond the main terminal. Figure 10. Typical design of a terminal, showing the Departures (upper half of page) and Arrivals levels. 1. Departures Lounge. 2. Gates and jet bridges. 3. Security Clearance Gates. 4. Baggage Check-in. 5. Baggage Carousels AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 11  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department PIER TERMINAL DESIGN uses a long, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides. One end connects to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate (up to half a mile in the case of Kansai International Airport). Most large international airports have piers, including Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Frankfurt International Airport, London Heathrow Airport. Figure 11. Samples of Pier Terminal Figure 12 Pier Terminal Design SATELLITE TERMINAL DESIGN is a building detached from other airport buildings, so that aircraft can park around its entire circumference. The first airport to use a satellite terminal was London Gatwick Airport. It used an underground pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal. This was also the first setup at Los Angeles International Airport, but it has since been converted to a pier layout. The first airport to use an automatic people mover to connect the main terminal with a satellite was Tampa International Airport, which is the standard today. Paris's Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Terminal 1) and London Gatwick Airport (South Terminal) both have circular satellite terminals. Building via underground tunnels and walkways. Zurich Airport's Gates E are connected with a subway. Sea-Tac International Airport has two rectangular satellite terminals connected by an automatic people mover. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 12  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Figure 13. Satellite Terminal Figure 14. Satellite Terminal Design SEMICIRCULAR TERMINAL DESIGN with aircraft parked on one side and cars on the other. This design results in long walks for connecting passengers, but greatly reduces travel times between check-in and the aircraft. Airports designed around this model include Charles de Gaulle International Airport (terminal 2), Mumbai Airport (terminal 2), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Seoul's Incheon International Airport, Kansas City Airport and Sapporo's New Chitose Airport. Figure 15. Semicircular Terminal Design AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 13  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department KINDS OF AIRPORTS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT is an airport typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other countries. Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the large aircraft commonly used for international or intercontinental travel. International airports often host domestic flights (flights which occur within the country) in addition to international flights. In many smaller countries most airports are international airports, so the concept of an "international airport" has little meaning. In certain countries however, there is a sub-category of limited international airports which handle international flights, but are limited to short-haul destinations (often due to geographical factors) or are mixed civilian/military airports. Many airports with regularly scheduled international service have the word "International" in their official names, but others, including such major airports as London Heathrow Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and George Bush Intercontinental Airport do not. Conversely, some airports which call themselves international airports, especially in smaller United States cities, in fact have no scheduled international airline passenger service but do have customs and immigration facilities serving charter, cargo and general aviation flights. At many of these airports customs and immigration services are only available with several hours advance notice. One example of such an airport is Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A few, such as Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary, Indiana, are in fact not international airports at all; they are not designated as airports of entry but aspire to become such in the future and added "international airport" to their names as a marketing tool. Many international airports also serve as "hubs", or places where non- direct flights may land and passengers switch planes. International airports often have many airlines represented, and many of these are often foreign. AirAsia (AK) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL). AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 14  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Air China (CA) uses Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU). Air India (AI) uses Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM) and Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL). All Nippon Airways (NH) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Osaka International Airport (ITM). Airphil Express (2P) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Francisco Bangoy International Airport (DVO), Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB), Zamboanga International Airport (ZAM). Asiana Airlines (OZ) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo Airport (GMP). Batavia Air (Y6) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK). Cathay Pacific (CX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) (and to a lesser extent Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)). Cebu Pacific (5J) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (CRK), Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB), and Francisco Bangoy International Airport (DVO). China Airlines (CI) uses Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE). China Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) and Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK). Dragonair (KA) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG). Emirates Airline (EK) uses Dubai International Airport (DXB). Etihad Airways (EY) uses Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH). EVA Air (BR) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE) Garuda Indonesia (GA) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS). Recently, Garuda added Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport(UPG) as their third hub. Gulf Air (GF) uses Bahrain International Airport (BAH). AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 15  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Hong Kong Airlines (HX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG). Jetstar Asia Airways (3K) uses Changi International Airport (SIN). Japan Airlines (JL) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Osaka International Airport (ITM). Kingfisher Airlines (IT) uses Bangalore-Bengaluru International Airport (BLR), Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport(BOM) and Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) Korean Air (KE) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo International Airport (GMP). Malaysia Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL). Oman Air (WY) uses Muscat International Airport (MCT). Philippine Airlines (PR) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) and Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB). Qatar Airways (QR) uses Doha International Airport (DOH). Philippnes Air Asia (Z2) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL). Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re- check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in Europe luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection. In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. As one example of this, are airports in Canada with United States border preclearance facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the airport of entry. DOMESTIC AIRPORT is an airport which handles only domestic flights or flights within the same country. Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration facilities and are therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a foreign airport. These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircraft and regional air traffic. They have AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 16  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department in many countries not had any security check / metal detector, but such checks have been added in recent years. Most municipal airports in Canada and the United States are of this classification. At international airports in Canada, there are domestic terminals that handle flights within Canada (flying from one Canadian city to another).Several small countries do not have any public domestic airports, or even public domestic flights, e.g. Belgium. Figure 2. Domestic Airport GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORT has several, types of aircraft except scheduled airliners. They serve business, charter and private planes. Many are small, and can be used only by propeller- driven light aircraft and helicopters. But some have runways long enough to take jet. A heliport is an area where helicopters may land. Figure 3. General Aviation Report LOW COST AIRPORTS in the early years of the 21st century, low cost terminals, or even entire airports have been built to cater for discount airlines such as Ryanair. Figure 4. Low Cost Airports AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 17  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department TYPES OF AIRPORTS CONTROLLED AIRPORT has an operating control tower. Air traffic control (ATC) is responsible for providing for the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at airports where the type of operations and/or volume of traffic requires such a service. Pilots operating from a controlled airport are required to maintain two-way radio communication with air traffic controllers, and to acknowledge and comply with their instructions. Pilots must advise ATC if they cannot comply with the instructions issued and request amended instructions. A pilot may deviate from an air traffic instruction in an emergency, but must advise air traffic of the deviation as soon as possible. Figure 5. Controlled Airports UNCONTROLLED AIRPORT does not have an operating control tower. Two-way radio communications are not required, although it is a good operating practice for pilots to transmit their intentions on the specified frequency for the benefit of other traffic in the area. Figure 6. Uncontrolled Airport At non-towered airports, instead of receiving instructions from an Air traffic controller, Aircraft pilots follow recommended operations, and communications procedures for operating at an airport without a control tower. The exact procedures vary from country to country, but they may include standard arrival and departure procedures, as well as a common communications phraseology by radio transmissions over a common frequency. For example a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency is recommended for radio communication and are used in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 18  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Non-towered airports may lie inside or underneath controlled airspace. In that case, some or all aircraft arriving and departing require clearances from a remote air traffic control unit, such as terminal or center control, even though there is no control tower managing landings and takeoffs. Pilots may be able to obtain those clearances by radio, by phone, or through a company dispatcher or local Flight Service Station; in some cases, departing aircraft (IFR or VFR) take off and level out below the floor of controlled airspace, then radio for a clearance before climbing further. Some countries establish low-altitude VFR corridors for non-towered airports in large urban areas so that VFR arrivals and departures can avoid controlled airspace altogether. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 19  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT: For this exam/quiz/activity, I make the following truthful statement: I understand that acts of academic dishonesty shall be penalized to the full extent as indicated in the provision of the PhilSCA Student Manual (page 30, No.6.) Enrichment Activity: An activity differentiating the various structures and terminal designs of an airport Identifying and differentiating the various kinds of airport AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 20  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department RUBRIC FOR ESSAY AND RESEARCH 4 -EXCELLENT 3 - GOOD 2 - FAIR 1 - POOR (8 - 10 pts or (5 - 7 pts or (3 - 4 pts or (0 - 2 pts or 0 86 – 100 %) 75 – 85 %) 65 – 74 %) 50 – 64 %) 50 % Substantial, CONTENT specific and/ The presence or illustrative Sufficiently of ideas Limited content developed Superficial developed content with INCOMPLETE through facts, demonstrating content with and/ or inadequate examples, strong adequate minimal elaboration anecdotes, details, development elaboration content. or opinions, statistics, and or reasons and/ or explanation. sophisticated explanation. explanations. ideas. 40 % Sharp, distinct Apparent FOCUS controlling point made No apparent The single point made about a Minimal point but controlling point about a single single topic evidence of evidence of INCOMPLETE made with an topic with with a topic. a specific awareness of evident sufficient topic. task about a awareness of awareness of specific topic. task. task. 10 % ORGANIZATION Functional The order Confused or arrangement developed and Sophisticated inconsistent of content sustained within arrangement arrangement Minimal that sustains and across of content of content control of a logical INCOMPLETE paragraphs with evident with or content order with using transitional and/ or subtle without arrangement. some devices and transitions. attempts at evidence of including transition. transitions. introduction and conclusion. AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 21  Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City Institute of Engineering and Technology Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department REFERENCES Norman Ashford, H. P. Martin Stanford, Cliff A. Moore. (2013). Airport Operations: New York; London: McGraw-Hill. Richard De Neufville, Amadeo Odoni. (2013). Airport Systems Planning Design and Management: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. Seth B. Young, Alexander T. Wells. (2011). Airport Planning and Management Sixth Edition: McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Website: www.faa.gov part 139 Airport Certification and www.caap.gov Airports Classification in Philippines AMT 1101 AIRPORT AND AIRWAYS Page | 22