Introduction to Computer Org and Architecture PDF

Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 1 It is nearly impossible today to escape the immediate reach of computers and computer-based systems… There is probably a cell phone in your pocket or on your desk and, perhaps, an iPod as well. For many of you, your laptop or desktop...

Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 1 It is nearly impossible today to escape the immediate reach of computers and computer-based systems… There is probably a cell phone in your pocket or on your desk and, perhaps, an iPod as well. For many of you, your laptop or desktop computer is sitting nearby as you read this paragraph. And that’s not all. Your car probably has several embedded computers controlling various functions. Even your microwave oven and the machine that launders your clothes depend on computers to function properly. As you are probably aware, most of these machines can talk to each other, using the Internet or some other networking technology. Goal To make you understand what computer hardware and software are and how programs and data interact with the computer system. You will understand the computer hardware, software, and communication components that are required to make up a computer system and what the role of each component in the system is.  Objectives At the end of this topic, students should be able to: – Define the term “computer”. – Define the term “program”. – Identify the existence and the utilization of computer in daily life. – Define computer architecture and computer organization – Differentiate between computer architecture and computer organization – Identify job opportunities in computer-related fileds. – Explain computer history  Objectives (cont..) At the end of this topic, students should be able to: – Explain computer generations – List basic components of computer – Identify classification of computers – Explain computer models – Compare the computer system models  Contents What is computer? What is program? What is computer organization? What is computer architecture? What are job opportunities in computer related field? Who invented the computer? What are the basic components of computer? What are computer classifications? What are computer system models?  What is Computer? A computer is …….. – An electronic device – Programmable machine – Receive input, perform processes, provide output – Execute tasks How can we recognize a computer? – Physical features – Physical behaviors  Use of Computer? Examples of computer… – Daily live – Business and Commercial – Science and Technology – Communications and Transportations  What is “Program”? Program is… – A collection of instructions – A collection of statements – A collection of steps or procedures …written in computer language to – Solve problems – Perform special tasks  What is “Program”? Example of computer programs… – Software …will be discussed during next chapter  What is computer architecture? Computer architecture is… – blueprint for the design of a computer system – describes the system in an abstract manner – Attributes of a system visible to a programmer – Attributes of a system which have direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer architecture describes: – the data paths – data processing and data storage elements  What is computer organization? Computer organization … – refers to specification of the relationship between different hardware components of a computer system – refer to the practical art of defining the structure and relationship of the subcomponents of a computer – the discussion about the computer components and their relationship, operational units and their interconnections.  Organization vs. Architecture Situation 1 – Computer manufacturers produce same computer architecture with different organization. Example: – When you type a character on keyboard, the computer needs to perform series of operation to display the characters on screen. What are job opportunities in computer related field? You can be a… – Programmer – System analyst – System Administrator – Web Designer/Developer – Database Administrator – Network Engineer – Computer Engineer – IS Consultant – Computer Security Consultant/Specialist – … why this course? as a user… as a systems architect Understand system capabilities, or system analyst… strengths, and limitations Specify computer systems and Make better informed decisions architecture to meet application Improve communications with requirements information technology Make intelligent decisions about professionals system strategy as a web services As a programmer… designer Optimize customer accessibility to Create efficient application software for Web services specific processing needs Optimize web system configurations Select appropriate data formats, page designs and scripting languages Design efficient Web pages as a system admin / manager Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems Maximize system availability and efficiency Optimize system performance Select cloud services Ensure system security networking Professional Design, maintain, support, and manage networks Optimize equipment and network resources  Who invented the computer? The story were: – Abacus – Mechanical Machine – Mechanical Computer – Electronic Machine  Who invented the computer? Blaise Pascal – 1642 French mathematician Invented a calculating machine to help his father, who served as Royal Tax Commissioner Pascaline or Pascal’s Calculator  Who invented the computer? Gottfried Leibniz German mathematician Invented the first true multiplying calculator in 1670s based on Pascal machine.  Who invented the computer? Joseph-Marie Jacquard French silk weaver Invented the Jacquard Loom in 1801 that used punched cards (programmable machine) to control the patterns woven into cloth.  Who invented the computer? Charles Babbage An English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer Originated the idea of a programmable computer in 1820. The London Science Museum's replica Difference Engine, built from Babbage's design.  Who invented the computer? Herman Hollerith An American statistician Invented a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data in 1890.  Architectural History of Computer… George Boole 1801, English mathematician developed the binary theory of logic, Boolean logic. – Recognized the relationship between binary arithmetic and Boolean logic that makes possible the circuitry that implements the  Architectural History of Computer… 1930s and early 1940s different group of researchers developed versions of the modern electronic computer. 1937, Howard H. Aiken , Harvard University and IBM used relays (mechanical binary switches controlled by electrical currents). Known as MARK 1 and design from the Babbage’s original concepts and use of mechanical calculator parts from IBM accounting machines.  Architectural History of Computer… 1939, John V. Atanasoff, a physicist at Iowa State College and Clifford Berry, a graduate student invented electronic digital computer using electronic vacuum tubes as switching components. The machine was known as ABC (Atanasoff– Berry Computer), that used binary number, arithmetic and logic unit. ABC was an important pathmark that led to significant advances in computer design.  Who invented the computer? ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. – The first large-scale, electronic, digital computer – Reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. – Designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania in 1943. – Modern PC with 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand- soldered joints Who invented the computer? Architectur al History of Computer… 1945 – John von Neumann, a consultant on the ENIAC project proposed a computer that included a number of significant improvements over the ENIAC design. – A memory that hold both programs and data – Binary processing pf data. This known as “Von Neumann Computer Architecture.” The machine were called EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) or IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) Machine  Who invented the computer? EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. – A binary computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking. – Designed with 6,000 vacuum tubes and 12,000 diodes, and consumed 56 kW of power.  Today’s design reflect the work on ABC, ENIAC, EDVAC and IAS 1st Generation computers that use vacuum tube. Computer Generations Generation of Computers 1st Gen: Vacuum Tube (1940s – 1950s) 2nd Gen: Transistors (1950s – 1960s) 3rd Gen: Integrated Circuit (1960s – 1970s) 4th Gen: Microprocessors (1970s – 1990s) 5th Gen: AI and natural language (Present to beyond) Basic Components of Computer  Basic Components of Computer Consists of 4 components: – Hardware (HW) component – Software (SW) component – Data – Communication component  Basic Components of Computer Hardware – Physical equipment – Consists of: Central Processing Units (CPU) ~ ch7 Memory (including storage devices) ~ ch8 Input/Output ~ ch9 Communication (Bus system) ~ ch9  Basic Components of Computer CPU  Basic Components of Computer Memory  Basic Components of Computer Input devices trackball scanner keyboard joystick mouse stylus PC gamming device Web camera  Basic Components of Computer Output devices speaker cathode ray tube monitor printer plotter  Communications Basic Components of Computer  Basic Components of Computer Software – Programs that instruct a computer to perform certain tasks. – 2 categories of software System software – Manage files, load and execute programs, accept user’s instructions Application software – Perform users’ tasks. E.g. Word Processing, Spreadsheet etc.  User Application Software System Software Computer Hardware Relationship between User, Application Software, System 05/20/2025 43 Software and Computer Hardware  Basic Components of Computer Data – Data = Raw fact, unprocessed – Information = data that are organized and meaningful – Manipulated by computer – Numeric, alphabet, alphanumeric, graphic, sound, etc.  Basic Components of Computer Communications – Connections between computers – Communication channel – NIC – Communication software – Network LAN/WAN/MAN – Internet/Intranet/Extranet Computer Classifications Computer Classifications The characteristics used for computer classification are: – speed – instruction repertoire – number of CPU registers – word length – main memory size – complexity of I/O modules – OS complexity – physical size, cost – virtual address space – secondary memory size – degree of multiprogramming Computer Classification Computers are classified into different categories: – Supercomputers – Mainframes – Minicomputers – Microcomputers/PC – Workstations. Computer Classification Supercomputers – Large size – Process very large data sets. – Used in military, scientific research. – Example: Cray Supercomputer Computer Classification Mainframe – Large business applications – Used in business, finance, education – Example: IBM System z9, IBM/ES 900, IBM 370 Computer Classification Minicomputer – Medium-sized server – Used for small to medium size of business. – Now, also known as server – Example: IBM iSeries, HP 9000 mid- range server family Computer Classification Microcomputer – PC, PDA, Notebook – Individual users – Example: HP Desktop, Acer Notebook Computer Classification Workstation – High-end desktop designed for technical applications. – Require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. – Example: HP Workstation, IBM Workstation Computer System Model Computer System Model Computer system model can be classified into three models: – Von Neumann model. – Onion model. – Neural network (NN) model. Computer System Model Von Neumann model – 3 basic components: CPU, main memory and I/O system. – Use program and data that can be manipulated in computer memory. – Use multipurpose processor to process instruction by instruction (fetch cycle and execute cycle). – Use bus system between memory and CPU Computer System Model Computer System Model Onion model: – Computer system is distributed into several layers. onion model programming language Input / output Computer System Model Neural Network model: - AI to mimic the behavior of human brain - Computer system is assumed to be equal to human body (brain-nerve cells) or neurons. – 3 layers Input Hidden Output End of Chapter 1