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Nature of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science ======================================================= The nature of society can be seen in different components: - - - - - - **[CULTURE]{.smallcaps}** It has been called "the way of life for an entire society". As such, it...

Nature of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science ======================================================= The nature of society can be seen in different components: - - - - - - **[CULTURE]{.smallcaps}** It has been called "the way of life for an entire society". As such, it includes manners, language, religion, rituals, art. A chart of a culture and non-material Description automatically generated **[SOCIETY]{.smallcaps}** Refers to people within the same location, who have the same cultural identity. Society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability (Macionis, 2017). **[POLITICS]{.smallcaps}** The set of activities that are associated with making decisions in group, or other forms of power relations among individuals. It is the act of governing a country, state, etc. and the decision-making process. **[ANTHROPOLOGY]{.smallcaps}** It is the study of people and their culture. It uses a research method known as ethnography which anthropologists are required to live with their subject for a long period of time. FRANZ BOAS-Father of Modern Anthropology Goals of Anthropology-discover what makes people from one another in order to understand and preserve diversity. Look at one's own culture more objectively like an outsider aims to make "the strange familiar and the familiar strange" **[SOCIOLOGY]{.smallcaps}** **[POLITICAL SCIENCE]{.smallcaps}** Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in/of Culture and Society ======================================================== Characteristics Of Culture 1. Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It develops through social interaction. No man can acquire culture without association with others. 2. Every society has a culture of its own that differs from other societies. The culture of every society is unique by itself. Cultures are not uniform. Cultural elements like customs, traditions, morals, values, and beliefs are not constant. 3. Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess. Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For example, people of a society share all customs, traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals, etc. 4. Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned behavior then, is not culture. Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors. Not all behaviors are learned, but most of these can be. Combing hair, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president, and going to movies all constitute behaviors that need to be learned. 5. Cultural ways are learned by people from others. Many of these ways are handed down from elders, parents, teachers, and others (most likely individuals of older generation), while other cultural behaviors are handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is made possible by language. Language is the main vehicle of culture. Transmission of culture may take place also through imitation as well as through instruction. 6. Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical growth, it tends to become cumulative. Ralph Linton called culture "the social heritage" of man. No culture ever remains constant or permanent. It is subject to slow but constant variation. Likewise, culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world; hence, it is dynamic. 7. Culture provides proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our needs and desires. Our needs, both biological and social, are fulfilled in cultural ways. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic, and social ideals, and institutions where members of the society profess and strive to confirm. Politics **[Use Or Threat Of Use Of Legal Force]{.smallcaps}** It allows the legal authority to use force "authoritative allocation of values", "rule" and authority" to compel anybody to obey its orders. Society **[Cooperation & Conflict In Society]{.smallcaps}** Collaboration and struggle are general components in human existence. Society depends on cooperation but since of interior contrasts, there is struggle likewise among its individuals. This is the reason, MacIver and Page saw that \"society is cooperation crossed by conflict\". We know from our own experience that an individual would be impaired, displayed down, and feels baffled in case he is required to do everything alone, without the guide of others. \"Participation is the most rudimentary interaction of public. [ASPECTS OF CULTURE]{.smallcaps} 1. Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive 2. Learned and Transmitted through Socialization and Enculturation 3. Shared, contested and challenged (social differentiation) 4. Patterned social interaction 5. Integrated 6. Requires language (forms of communication) [SOURCES OF CHANGE IN/OF]{.smallcaps} +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CULTURE | POLITICS | SOCIETY | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | -Physical Environment | -Internal | -Innovation | | | | | | -Technology | -External | -Diffusion | | | | | | -Population movement | | -Discoveries | | | | | | -War and conquest | | -Technology | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism ===================================== Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism A belief that cultures are equally complex. There is no such thing as superior or inferior culture. It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from its own viewpoint. Refers to the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture. We use our appreciation, acknowledgement, understanding and credit. The main goal of cultural relativism is cultural equality. \- What is the importance of cultural relativism? - Space for verification and validation of beliefs, traditions and practices. Evaluation of morality and ethical soundness of cultural practices. Ability to see the holistic point of view of the culture Kilman (2017) Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices ============================================================== Human Cultural Evolution It is a saying that "human has no contentment". As the environment changes, we continuously grow and find ways to maximize our effort as we live. **[Paleolithic Period (Paleolithic)]{.smallcaps}** It's happened 2.5 million years ago, also known as \"Old Stone Age\". The Earth was extremely cold, and ocean levels were much lower than they are now. (Ice Age) People were nomads and able to use simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. Human beings in this time were grouped together in small societies and respect is given to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized. **[Neolithic Period ("New Stone Age")]{.smallcaps}** Human began to develop a sedentary type of society of which they built-up villages and towns. A wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of society which eventually led to population increase. (First Agricultural Revolution) **[Age of Metals]{.smallcaps}** They discovered metals, and they gradually abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and tools. A more developed social, cultural, political, and economic system was improved. Tribes, empires, and states were recognized.  Early Civilization and Rise of The State Mesopotamian civilization- "Land between two rivers" which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. First human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer society into settled community. Cuneiform-first writing systems Egyptian civilization-emerged more than 5,000 years ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. Modern State and Civilization European continent, several states and civilizations grew tremendously over centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power. In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over all the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the formation of United Nations in 1945. Symbol An object, word, or action that stands for something else, without natural relationship, that is culturally defined. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. Provide clues to understanding experiences. They relay recognizable meanings that are shared by societies. Symbolism When something represents abstract ideas or concepts; it assigns names, denominations, and defines relations between various elements (actors, actions, goals, means, objects, values, etc.) articulated within a narrative. Functions of Symbols and Symbolism Used to transfer culture, ideologies, or beliefs from group to another group of people. Preserve traditions or beliefs of a certain group of people. Contain the "face" and "hidden" values, the hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds greater meaning and importance than face value. Create movements, spread ideas, and share advocacies that surpasses time and distance. Types of Symbols **[Cultural Symbols]{.smallcaps}** Manifestation that signifies ideology of a particular culture that has meaning within that culture. **[Social symbols]{.smallcaps}** Relating to human societies and its modes of organization (i.e., social classes, social problems, social issues, etc.) **[Political symbols]{.smallcaps}** Used to represent a political standpoint; seen in various media and forms such as banners, flag, motto, etc. Usually used to embody an ideology, an advocacy, or a group of people with same principles. **[Economic symbols]{.smallcaps}** Used in production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services like currency, market, labor, demands and other economic activities. Represents economic standpoint. (Stock Exchange, Money, and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking, etc.) Symbols and Practices **[Cultural Symbols and Practices]{.smallcaps}** Examples of Religious Symbols Around the World Examples of Cultural Symbols in the Philippines  **[Social Symbols and Practices]{.smallcaps}** It is a visible, external denotation of one's social position, an indicator of one's social or economic status. Political Symbols and Practices - artifacts or objectifications of different political meanings especially related to power. Political practices-common things that are done within a state or country. It is related to the practices done in the administration, distribution and attainment of power, bureaucratic composition, etc. Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices Portray certain aspects of living, certain cultures and traditions of people. Use to transfer culture, ideologies or beliefs from one group to another group of people, from one generation to another. Preserve traditions and cultures of societies. Basis for improvement in the society. Socialization ============= The process of learning one's society and its culture. It is moreover the same as interacting, mingling, and being with other people or groups within/ outside of your society. It is a central process in social life. Continuing process and necessity to develop as a person. - **[Agents of socialization]{.smallcaps}** Different groups of people that influence your orientations and perspectives to life. Play a crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of society. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[Socialization focuses on the following:]{.smallcaps}** 1. Acquisition of Knowledge 2. Language 3. Values 4. Habits 5. Skill in the Society **[Types of Socialization]{.smallcaps}** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **[Context of Socialization]{.smallcaps}** - - **[Parts of Socialization]{.smallcaps}** 1. 2. 3. **Enculturation** - The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture. Cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer which will perpetuate and ensure the continuance of their traditions and practices (Santarita and Madrid, 2016).