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# What is Intelligence? ## Introduction Intelligence is a complex notion that has been explored by many psychologists. This chapter delves into the nature of intelligence, exploring different definitions and perspectives on its structure and functioning. ## Definitions of Intelligence - **Lewis Te...

# What is Intelligence? ## Introduction Intelligence is a complex notion that has been explored by many psychologists. This chapter delves into the nature of intelligence, exploring different definitions and perspectives on its structure and functioning. ## Definitions of Intelligence - **Lewis Terman**: An ability to think on an abstract level is called intelligence. - **David Wechsler**: Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. ## Perspectives on Intelligence There are two main perspectives on intelligence: 1. **Intelligence as a Single, General Ability**: This perspective suggests that intelligence is a single, overarching capacity with different forms but a common underlying function. - Supporters include Alfred Binet, Lewis Terman, and David Wechsler. 2. **Intelligence as a Set of Multiple Abilities**: This perspective posits that intelligence is composed of multiple independent abilities. - Key proponents include E.L. Thorndike, Louis Thurstone, and Charles Spearman. ## The Multi-Factor View of Intelligence ### E.L. Thorndike Proposed three independent abilities: - Abstract intelligence - Social intelligence - Concrete intelligence ### Louis Thurstone Proposed seven primary abilities: - Verbal comprehension - Word fluency - Number facility - Spatial visualization - Associative memory - Perceptual speed - Reasoning ### Charles Spearman In 1927, using factor analysis, identified two factors of intelligence: - **General factor (g)**; minimum competence for daily tasks - **Specific factor (s)**; domain-specific abilities necessary for problem-solving ### Raymond Cattell and John Horn Proposed two types of intelligence: - **Fluid intelligence**: Based on neurological development, relatively free from experience. - **Crystallized intelligence**: A function of education, experience, and knowledge.