Cells PDF - MC 2: Biochemistry - August 31, 2024

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 TOPIC OUTLINE: ③ Metabolism - Reactions allow for the extraction & I....

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 TOPIC OUTLINE: ③ Metabolism - Reactions allow for the extraction & I. Definition of Biochemistry transformation of environmentally acquired II. Characteristics of Living Cells III. Levels of Organization energy. IV. Molecular Organizations of Level V. The Cell G Genetic Material VI. The Cell as Basis of Living - All life contains DNA, the hereditary VII. Organisms Organelles of Eukaryotic material which is passed down to future Cells generations. ⑧ Evolution BIOCHEMISTRY - DNA mutation over time leads to - Scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at adaptation and improved fitness in the organisation level. changing environments. - Uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the various attributes of living organisms. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (simplest to complex) CDSHRMGE CHON CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING CELLS 1. Atoms - such as Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. ① Cells 2. Molecules - such as Water, Oxygen Gas, - The cell is the basic and most (combination of atoms Carbon Dioxide. fundamental unit of life. main topic 3. Macromolecules - such as Proteins, ② A Dynamic Organized Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acid. - Organisms are not random and are highly parts of the cell 4. Organelles - such as Nucleus, organized using simpler atoms to build Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Plasma/Cell larger molecules & structures to survive. Membrane. Stimuli ③ 5. Cells - such as Myocytes, Neurons, - Can respond to specific triggers from the Erythrocytes. environment. 6. Tissues - such as Muscle, Epithelial, ④ Homeostasis Connective, Nervous. - Mechanisms for regulating & 7. Organs - such as Heart, Stomach, Brain. maintaining/stabilizing their internal 8. Organ System - Cardiovascular System, chemistry. Digestive System, Nervous System. ⑤ Reproduction 9. Multicellular Organism - such as Human, - The capacity to produce more life, either Leopard, Whale. sexually or asexually.  MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF CELL Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) - Stated that “Every cell comes from a cell”. CELLS ARE THE BASIS OF LIVING ORGANISMS Four (4) Types of Biomolecules (ACNL) Level 1: Monomeric Units M 1. Amino Acids M Among the simplest compounds are the Level 2: Macromolecules amino acids, so named because they S Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes contain an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH). Under Level 4: The cell and its organelles C physiological conditions, these groups are actually ionized to NH3+ and COO– THE CELL - The basic unit of life. - According to conventional definitions, a living organism is composed of one or more organisms. - Can grow, reproduce and respond to stimuli, and has some other characteristics. These characteristics are mainly based on the cell. 2. Carbohydrates Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Simple carbohydrates (also called - Termed the “cell” (cella, a Latin word monosaccharides or just sugars) have the means ‘small container’) which he saw formula (CH2O)n, where n is ≥ 3. Glucose, through a microscope when he observed a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, a slice of cork. has the formula C6H12O6; Rene Dutrochet (1776- 1882) - Declared in 1824 that “The cell is the Polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy fundamental element in the structure of ketone or a compound that yields living bodies, forming both animals and polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy plants through juxtaposition.” ketone upon hydrolysis Theodore Schwann (1810-1882) - Created the term “Cell Theory” and declared that plants consisted of cells. - A similar declaration was made by Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) on the units forming animals. MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 Proteins ( - peptide bonds Nucleic Acid , prophodiester bond 3. Nucleotides 2. Polymers of amino acids are called A five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing polypeptides or proteins. Twenty ring, and one or more phosphate groups different amino acids serve as building are the components of nucleotides. blocks for proteins, which may contain many hundreds of amino acid residues. Linked to each other by amide bonds called peptide bonds. 4. Lipids. 3. Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides are - These compounds cannot be described by termed polynucleotides or nucleic a single structural formula since they are a acids, better known as DNA and RNA. diverse collection of molecules. Each nucleic acid is made from just four different nucleotides. For example, the Au residues in RNA - bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, whereas the ACGT residues in DNA contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. linked by phosphodiester bond Three (3) Major Kinds of Polymers 1. Universal feature of nature: A few kinds of building blocks can be combined in different ways to produce a wide variety of larger structures  MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 ORGANELLES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS genetic make-up; 2 forms: euchromatin & 1. NUCLEUS heterochromatin. control center - Control center of the cell. 2. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Complex folded - Appears as an intricate, complex, folded net in the cytoplasm. PARTS OF NUCLEUS: - Encased in a double membrane called PARTS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: the Nuclear Envelope. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ribosomes - Outer Membrane - fused with the ER ; - Contains ribosomes which gives it a contains ribosomes & ribosomes rough appearance site for protein lamines - Inner Membrane - contains lamines synthesis; proper protein folding; glycosylation "ER stress" - apoptosis by important for maintaining envelope celt mitochondria. structure, division and interaction Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum no ribosomes between chromatins. - Nuclear Pores - facilitate transport of - No ribosomes site for lipid synthesis like fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol; molecules between the cytoplasm and CYP450; glucose-6-PO4 metabolism; the nucleus. stores calcium ions. - Nucleolus - contains genes for making ribosomal RNA (rRNA); copies of rRNA 3. GOLGI APPARATUS synthesized in the nucleoli are bound to - (Camillo Golgi) proteins are processed, ribosomal proteins that are transported modified, and prepared for export from to the nucleus from the cytoplasm. After the cell; a stack of 10 to 20 hollow, flat assembly of bosomes in nucleoli, they structures: Proteins are received from the ER and passed through layers of the are exported through the nuclear pores it where polysaccharides are back into the cytoplasm. synthesized and attached to proteins to - Chromatin - contains primarily DNA and make glycoproteins, or to lipids to make proteins (specifically histones), making glycolipids.  MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 - Contain 40 different hydrolytic enzymes including proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phosphatases, and sulfatase in order to break down macromolecules; - Cell renewal by digesting old or damaged cellular components (autophagy/autolysis). 4. PLASMA MEMBRANE 6. PEROXISOMES - Consists of a lipid bilayer (head = phospholipid; tail fatty acid), phosphate - Similar to lysosomes; and carbohydrate components, and a large number of proteins; maintains the physical integrity of the cell and prevents the contents of the cell from leaking into the fluid environment. - Contain three detoxification enzymes: catalase, urate oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase; use molecular oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in oxidation reactions; Integrins receptor — adhesion degradation of long chain fatty acids. Form lipids (plasmalogen) and cholesterol; Detoxification of alcohol. 5. LYSOSOMES sals - Membrane-bounded sacs. 7. MITOCHONDRIA powerhouse - Powerhouse of the cell;  MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY CELLS (Angelica C. Lopez, RPh) August 31, 2024 - Contains inner and outer membrane; - Intermediate Filaments - which cristae, mitochondrial matrix. facilitates mainstay of cell to - ATP synthesis via oxidative extracellular proteins, mainstay of cell to phosphorylation; another cell and mainstay of different - Metabolic reactions occur including organelles intracellularly. heme biosynthesis, rea formation, fatty acid oxidation, initiation of apoptosis; gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis. 8. RIBOSOMES membrane bound (protein syntness) - "Free" or membrane-bound ribosomes. - Microtubule - contains tubulin to transport different substances inside the cell (ATP- dependent); separate chromatid during cell division; cell movement (flagella and cilia). - Cytosolic proteins used intracellularly; - Protein synthesis in cells. 9. CYTOSKELETON END OF TRANSCRIPTION - Microfilaments - contain "actin"; they are involved in cytokinesis, diapedesis of white blood cells and phagocytosis of white blood cells. ○ PPT OF MA'AM LOPEZ