Rizal's Nationalism & Patriotism: Noli Me Tangere, PDF

Rizal’s Nationalism and Patriotism (based from Rizal’s Nationalism based from his novels: his novels) Noli Me Tangere According to Hans Kohn : Dedicated to his motherland, the Philippines. ✓Nationalism is an ideology based on th...

Rizal’s Nationalism and Patriotism (based from Rizal’s Nationalism based from his novels: his novels) Noli Me Tangere According to Hans Kohn : Dedicated to his motherland, the Philippines. ✓Nationalism is an ideology based on the Getting attention of both Filipinos and premise that the individual’s loyalty and Spaniards to see the deplorable conditions of devotion to the nation-state surpass other the Filipino people from the Spanish tyranny. It individual or group interests. was a way of exposing corrupt Spaniards ✓Nationalism desires unity by their way of a (officials and friars) who enriched themselves cultural background, including language and while living in the country heritage. On this novel, Rizal shown preparation of how ✓Patriotism shows love country and willingness Filipinos can be step out from darkness. And it is to sacrifice for it by their values and beliefs. through education. According to George Orwell: Crisostomo failed to build school in the ✓Nationalism is more on that one’s country is community for not supported by Spanish officials and was supposed to be killed during superior to another ✓Patriotism is simply a the planning of the location of the. school feeling of admiration for a way of life. community. Rizal’s Nationalism as felt on his poems/essays/speeches A school teacher was reprimanded by friar Through Education Our Motherland Receives of teaching students to farming. For the friars, Light: only religious doctrines should be developed in Proved that he valued education so much that the life of the students. may give the power of the country to survive Rizal distinguished the true religion from the from any forces in the struggles of societal false, from the superstitious, from that which FREEDOM. Through education, it creates the traffics with the Sacred Word to extract money, virtue of power to human race. This gives to make us believe in foolishness which SECURITY and PEACE to the motherland as the Catholicism would blush at if it had knowledge Filipinos would learn the sciences and arts as of it. the bases to calm down the life of the society. He unveiled what lay hidden behind the To the Filipino Youth: deceptive and brilliant words of our This winning poem of Rizal is a classic in government. Philippine literature for 2 reasons: He had also told our fellowmen of our faults, 1) It was the first great poem in Spanish written our vices, our culpable and shameful apathy by a Filipino whose merit was recognized by with regards to these miseries. It may be noted Spanish literary authorities 2) It expressed for that the facts Rizal had related are all true and the first time the nationalistic concept that the real. Filipinos and not the foreigners are the hope of The Noli Me Tangere is not merely an attack on the motherland. the Spanish colonial regime. It is a charter of Love of Country: nationalism. It calls on the Filipino to recover his Written under his pen name Laong Laan in self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to Barcelona, Spain. Translated into Tagalog by return to the heritage of his ancestors, to assert Marcelo H. del Pilar and published in Diariong himself as the equal of the Spaniard. Tagalog. On this peom, he urged his fellow El Filibusterismo Filipinos abroad to love their motherland. “…of A political novel which exposes a kind of all loves, the love of country is what produced Spanish government to the society. A novel the greatest, the most heroic, the most which could interpret in asking REFORMS. disinterested” -Dedicated to GOMBURZA -A sequel of the Noli At the time that Simoun had worked out his plan of fomenting revolution, Filipino students like Basilio and his friends pressed for In essence, Father Florentino sees the youth as assimilation, the spread of the Spanish language the hope of the nation—a sentiment that aligns and the appeals for loyalty and confidence in with José Rizal’s belief that young people are the colonial government. Simoun reacted the key to the country's progress. vehemently to this program of Hispanization RIZAL: THE POLITICAL, HISTORICAL, ECONOMIC that young students were advocating. AND SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHT For Simoun, Hispanization is: POLITICAL IDEAS: -Death of the people ✓ industrial democrat and, strictly in a legal and - Destruction of national identity political sense ✓an anti-cleric ✓thought of the -Institutionalization of tyranny liberation of his country as a gradual process, Rizal’s Patriotism based from his novels: one chiefly of education Noli Me Tangere ✓freedom without the knowledge of how to The character of Elias shown the willingness of use it meant absolutely nothing. sacrificing himself for the benefits of the many. “If the Philippines must remain under the Protecting Crisostomo for many times. This control of Spain it will necessarily have to be might had been due to his beliefs that the transformed in a political sense, for the course redemption of the country depends on the of its history and the needs of its inhabitants ilustrados. require the change— «transformation will be - Elías discovers plots against Ibarra and does violent and fatal if it proceeds from the ranks of everything he can to thwart them. the people, but powerful and fruitful if it - Elias helps Crisostomo escape from the emanates from the upper classes.”-Jose Rizal Guardia Civil. ✓ political reforms “I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my 1. Representation of the country in the Spanish native land! You who have it to see, welcome it Cortes 2. Secularization of the priesthood and forget not those who have fallen during the 3. Reform administration in all its branches night!”-Elias to Basilio (Noli Me Tangere) 4. Divide civil appointments equally between Father Florentino’s message after Simoun’s Spaniard and Filipinos 5. Cleanse the death is a powerful reflection on the role of the administration of justice. Spain’s courts of youth in shaping the future of their country. His justice were the foulest blot on her colonial words express disappointment in the current administration. state of society, marked by crime, corruption, 6. That the government should encourage and moral decay. He calls for young people to individual incentive and striving in all fields. It dedicate their energy, idealism, and passion to should guarantee liberty, opportunity and the service of their nation, suggesting that only strictly limited concentration of power. There through their purity, vigor, and enthusiasm can should be different rewards proportionate to the country be redeemed. the difference in skills and abilities. El Filibusterismo. Rizal advocated a revolution in “My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am effecting reforms in Filipino society through most anxious for liberties for our country, and I Simoun. am still desirous of them. But I place as a prior After Simoun died, Father Florentino condition the education of the people, that by murmured: means of instruction and industry our country He emphasizes that true change does not come may have an individuality of its own and make from violence or revenge (as Simoun itself worthy of these liberties. I have attempted), but from a new generation willing recommended in my writings the study of the to sacrifice for the greater good. His statement civic virtues without which there is no serves as a plea for the youth to rise up, redemption. I have written likewise (and I repeat embody noble ideals, and restore justice and my words) that reform, to be beneficial, must righteousness to society. come from above, that those which come from for the union of all Filipinos and for reforms (La below are irregularly gained and uncertain.”- Liga Filipina) Jose Rizal ✓sought to adapt the best things he found HISTORICAL VIEW: abroad to the conditions of his country Annotation of Antonio de Morga’ Sucesos de las ✓had the background and judgment to weigh Islas Filipinas ✓provided the seeds of the idea of and consider authoratively his country’s how the Filipinos should view themselves intellectual and social development amidst a growing nationalism that eventually ✓felt that there was such a thing as universality led to the formation of a nation of culture and that the Philippines should ✓proved that the Filipinos were already civilized preserve the best of what they already before the advent of Spain possessed The Philippines Within A Century ✓wished to see his countrymen enjoy all the ✓expressed his views on the Spanish fruits of happy domestic existence and to know colonization in the Philippines and predicted the fullest enjoyment of the nobler emotions with accuracy the tragic end of Spain’s engendered therein sovereignty in Asia ✓believed in education and industry ✓portrayed the glorious past of the Filipinos ✓believed in education as an important aspect and described their economic stagnation under of social relations Spanish rule “Without education and liberty, which are the ✓warned Spain of what would happen to her soil and the sun of man, no reform is possible, colonial empire in Asia if she would not adopt a no measure can give the result desired.” – Jose more liberal and enlightened policy toward the Rizal Philippines. RIZAL AND THE LA LIGA FILIPINA: ECONOMIC IDEAS: ✓ While in Hong Kong, Rizal laid down the basis He took active part in business in Dapitan, aside of the La Liga Filipina from fishing industry, he also engaged in buying ✓Rizal drafted the constitution with the and selling copra and hemp. Rizal imported assistance of Jose Ma. Basa ✓founded and modern-stripping machine from Manila, inaugurated the La Liga Filipina at the house of thereby increasing Dapitan's production of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila (July 3, hemp fibers. 1892) ✓lamented that the business and commerce in ✓It was formed not for the purpose of his native land were in the hands of foreigners. independence, but for mutual aid and He stated that "Everybody engages in business protection of its members, and the fostering of in our country except ourselves.” a more united spirit among Filipinos. Its ✓organized the Cooperative Association of constitution declared the ends, form, duties of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese members and officials, rights of members and monopoly officials, the investment of funds, and general SOCIAL IDEAS: rules. ✓ frowned on immorality and always advocated AIMS: a high standard of living ✓To unite the whole archipelago into one ✓tells the Filipinos to strive for education, raise compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body. the level of morality and culture, to learn self- ✓Mutual protection in every want and dependence, to think for themselves, and to necessity. become more united ✓Defense against all violence and injustice. ✓believed that change should come from ✓Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, within as a result of understanding, and not and commerce. from without as a result of coercion ✓worked ✓Study and application of reforms. Domingo Franco: supreme head of the Liga Motto of the La Liga Filipina: Unus instar Filipina; shot. omnium [one like all.] Moises Salvador: venerable master of the LA LIGA FILIPINA NATIONAL SCOPE: respected lodge, Balagtas; shot. SUPREME COUNCIL - which had jurisdiction over Numeriano Adriano: first guard of the respected the whole country lodge, Balagtas; shot. -President – Secretary –Treasurer –Fiscal Jose A. Dizon: venerable master of the PROVINCIAL COUNCIL (in every Province) respected lodge, Taliba; shot. POPULAR COUNCIL (in every town) Apollonio Mabini: legislator; arrested. DUTIES OF THE MEMBERS: Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: first patriot of '68; 1. They shall pay monthly dues of ten centimos. arrested. 2. They shall obey blindly and promptly every Timoteo Lanuza: initiator of the manifestation order emanating from a Council or a Chief. for the expulsion of the friars in 1888; arrested. 3. They shall inform the Fiscal of their Council of Marcelino de Santos: arbitrator and protector whatever they note or hear that has reference of La Solidaridad, the Filipino organ in Madrid; to the Liga Filipina. arrested. 4. They shall preserve the most absolute Paulino Zamora: venerable master of the secrecy in regard to the decisions of the Council. respected lodge, Lusong; deported. 5. In all walks of life, preference shall be given Juan Zulueta: member of the respected lodge, to the members. Nothing shall be bought Lusong; died. except in the shop of a member, or whenever Doroteo Ongjunco: member of the respected anything is sold to a member, he shall have a lodge, Lusong; owner of the house. rebate. Circumstances being equal, the member Arcadio del Rosario: orator of the respected shall always be favored. Every infraction of this lodge, Balagtas; arrested. article shall be severely punished. Timoteo Paez: arrested. 6. The member who does not help another member in the case of need or danger, although END OF LA LIGA FILIPINA: able to do so, shall be punished, and at least the ✓July 6, 1892 Rizal went to Malacañang as same penalty suffered by the other shall be invited by the governor ✓The governor asked imposed on him. him about the pillows and the mats in his 7. Each member, on affiliation, shall adopt a luggage new name of his own choice, and shall not be ✓Governor Despujol ordered to arrest Rizal and able to change the same unless he become a incarcerate him at Fort Santiago Provincial Chief. ✓July 7, 1892, Governor Despujol ordered a 8. He shall bring to each Council a service decree for the deportation of Rizal [trabajo; evidently a service done for the ✓Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago for 9 days organization], an observation, a study, or a new ✓On July 15, 1892 he left Manila for Dapitan candidate. 9. He shall not submit to any humiliation or ✓The Liga died its natural death treat anyone with contempt. ✓It split into 2 branches MEMBERS: 1. Cuerpos de Compromisarios (the rightest) Andres Bonifacio: supreme head of the 2. the leftists, later known as the Katipunan of Katipunan, who uttered the first war cry against KKK tyranny, August 24, 1896. RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN (“I am not guilty of Mamerto Natividad: seconded, in Nueva Ecija, rebellion”.-Rizal) the movement of Andres Bonifacio, August 28, ✓Bonifacio knew Rizal during the Liga days, but 1886; shot. Rizal did not know him personally ✓Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to ✓The incriminating documents were then left in go to Dapitan in June 1896 to confer with Rizal Katipunan hideouts to be found by the Spanish ✓Valenzuela revealed the Katipunan and its authorities aims to Rizal ✓A wave of arrests followed, some were AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE CONVERSATION executed, exiled to the Pacific after torture and BETWEEN PIO VALENZUELA AND RIZAL IN imprisonment in Fort Santiago, and while others DAPITAN: escaped the country by bribing the officials In this conversation, Rizal and Valenzuela ✓While revolution broke out led by Andres discuss the lack of elite support for the Bonifacio in August 23, 1896, Rizal was in the Katipunan, with Rizal emphasizing the steamer Castilla waiting for his departure for importance of gaining their backing or, at the Spain very least, ensuring their neutrality. He warns DID THE KATIPUNAN IMPLICATE RIZAL? RIZAL that if the revolution alienates the wealthy and WAS IN TROUBLE: influential Filipinos, they might side with the During Rizal’s trial, the Spanish military court Spaniards, becoming obstacles to the presented the following evidences: movement. Rizal suggests involving figures like 1. Rizal’s picture hung in the meeting place of Antonio Luna to help influence them and lead the Katipunan propaganda efforts. When Valenzuela asks how 2. Rizal’ name was used as one of the passwords to keep them neutral, Rizal explains that the of the Katipunan (The third kind of Katipunan means depend on circumstances and events, membership was called Bayani with a password highlighting the need for strategic planning. Rizal) 3. Without his consent and knowledge, he was SUMMARY OF RIZAL’S ADVICE TO VALENZUELA the honorary president of the Katipunan 1. The revolution of Cuba against Spain failed 4. Some Katipuneros carried a photograph of because of lack of arms Rizal in their pockets like an anting-anting 2. Influential and wealthy Filipinos be attracted RIZAL DURING THE TRIAL: to the cause of the society 1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised 3. Unity among all classes of Filipinos 4. Antonio Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in Luna be appointed to direct all military revolution operations 2. The revolutionists used my name without my BONIFACIO’S PREPARATIONS: knowledge. ✓Following Rizal’s advice, the Katipuneros 3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I contracted some millionaires to fund the could have escaped Dapitan and should have Katipunan but they refused not built a house there. ✓Bonifacio decided to implicate the 4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did uncooperative elites with the Katipunan they not consult me on their plans? ✓Bonifacio hoped that once arrested and HISTORIANS’ VIEW ON RIZAL AND THE probably tortured, these rich Filipinos would KATIPUNAN/REVOLUTION: then hate the Spaniards and be converted Renato Constantino- Rizal was against the ✓This was the way of neutralizing the rich Philippine revolution Gregorio Zaide- Rizal had given his word of honor to the Spanish without killing them ✓Jacinto prepared a list of authorities while in Dapitan uncooperative Filipinos and had their movements monitored and their signatures Teodoro Agoncillo- Rizal was not against revolution only in the absence of preparation forged on Katipunan papers which stated that and arms. they were not only sympathizers but NOLI ME TANGERE: THE CONTEXT AND contributors to the Katipunan fund OVERVIEW: NOLI ME TANGERE “TOUCH ME NOT” He, therefore, walked where angels fear to And to this end, I will strive to reproduce thy tread by exposing the evils of the Church and condition faithfully, without discriminations; I the State, which were hazardous to touch. will raise a part of the veil that covers the evil, “From his novel, he made it plain and clear that sacrificing to truth everything, even vanity itself, the friars were the enemies of reform, progress, since, as thy son I am conscious that also suffer and justice in the country.” –Leon Ma. Guerrero from thy defects and weaknesses. - TO MY MOTHERLAND, NOLI ME TANGERE The novel can be considered a charter of BACKGROUND: Filipino nationalism. It calls on the Filipino to: ✓ first started in 1884 while in Madrid, Spain -Regain his self-confidence Appreciate his ✓ Continued writing while he was in Paris, self-worth France -Return to the heritage of his ancestors ✓ completed in Berlin, Germany and came off -Assert himself as a co-equal of the Spaniards the press on March 21, 1887 with the financial Insists on the need for; assistance of Maximo Viola -Education ✓ Printed 2000 copies for P300.00 -Dedication to the country ✓ First copy delivered to Dr. Ferdinand -Assimilating the aspects of western cultures Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano that could enhance native tradition Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Felix Hidalgo The novel does not only expose the social ✓ A romantic novel maladies in the Philippines during Rizal’s time. It ✓ It is a work of the heart- a book of feeling; it outlines the reforms needed in Filipino society has freshness, color, humor, lightness and wit then. These reforms include the following; IDEAS AND INFLUENCES OF WRITING NOLI: -Radical reforms in the armed forces José Rizal’s *Noli Me Tangere* was influenced -clergy by various literary works, artistic expressions, -Administration of justice and the social realities of his time. Juan Luna’s -More respect for human dignity *Spoliarium* inspired him to depict the -Greater security for the individual suffering of Filipinos under Spanish rule, similar -Less strength in the constabulary to how the painting illustrated the plight of the -Less privileges for organizations prone to vanquished. Literary works such as Eugene abuses and corruption Sue’s *The Wandering Jew* and Harriet Rizal, through Elias, mouthed the solution to Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin* guided bring about the needed reforms. For Elias, him in exposing religious and political revolution was the key when he said, ‘it is never oppression, while Alexandre Dumas’ *The a crime to fight for one’s country”. Count of Monte Cristo* shaped his protagonist, The novel presented a problem, the needed for Crisostomo Ibarra, who, like Edmond Dantes, change in the country under Spanish tutelage. sought justice after experiencing betrayal. Rizal On the contrary, it did not offer any solution to used *Noli Me Tangere* to reveal the address the same. corruption of Spanish friars, the abuses of PHILIPPINE CONDITIONS DURING RIZAL’S TIME: colonial officials, and the struggles of Filipinos, 1. Instability of colonial administration. The believing that literature could awaken national frequent change of colonial officials hampered identity and inspire peaceful reform, ultimately the political and economic development of the laying the foundation for the Philippine Philippines. revolution. 2. Corrupt officials. Rizal deemed it appropriate to use the said title 3. No Philippine representation in Spanish as his novel contained delicate things nobody Cortes (Court). Worsened the Philippine wanted to talk about or touch during his time. conditions because there was no means by which the Filipinos could expose the anomalies -to picture the past and the realities in the perpetrated by the colonial officials. Philippines 4. Human rights denied to Filipinos. Only the -to reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos and people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, their country freedom of the press, freedom of association -to unmask the hypocrisy that have and other human rights. impoverished and brutalized the Filipino people 5. No equality before the law. Spaniards -to stir the patriotism of the Filipino people arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos -(to expose the exploitations committed by the as inferior beings. Spanish friars and government officials) 6. Maladministration of justice. Justice was THEMES: costly, partial and slow. Poor Filipinos could not afford the heavy expenses f litigation. -Revolution and Reform Revolution (radical 7. Racial discrimination. Spaniards called the revolutionary ideology espoused by Elías) and brown-skinned Filipinos, “indios”. Reform (political change, the moderate 8. Frailocracy. A government of friars. liberalism embodied by Ibarra) 9. Forced labor. Compulsory labor imposed by -Education Rizal holds up education as a way of the Spanish colonial authorities on adult Filipino overcoming oppression. Ibarra, fiercely males in the construction of churches, schools, advocates the importance of intellect and hospitals, building and repair of roads and education by building a school in San Diego. He bridges, ships and other public works. seeks to give the townspeople a means of 10. Haciendas owned by the friars. Friars belong empowerment outside the context of the to different orders were the richest landlords church. for they owned the best haciendas in the -Isolation political isolation, religious isolation, Philippines. or intellectual isolation 11. Presence of guardia civil. Infamous for their PLOT: rampant abuses, such as maltreating innocent The novel follows Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, a people, looting their carabaos, chickens and young Filipino who returns from Europe to find valuable belongings and raping helpless women. his father dead and faces hostility from NOLI ME TANGERE: MAJOR THEMES, PLOT, powerful figures like Father Damaso. His CHARACTERS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN attempts to establish a school are met with THE SOCIETY: resistance, and a plot against him results in his Dedication: To My Motherland near-death, forcing him to flee and assume a “Recorded in the history of human sufferings is new identity as Simoun. Meanwhile, his love a cancer so malignant, a character that the least interest, Maria Clara, enters a convent, and touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest societal injustices continue under Spanish rule. pains. Thus, how many times, when in the midst The novel critiques colonial oppression, of modern civilizations I have wished to call religious hypocrisy, and the abuses of the ruling thee before me, now to accompany me in class, ultimately hinting at revolution as a memories, ow to compare thee with other possible path to change. countries, hath thy dear image presented itself showing a social cancer like to that other… CHARACTERS: LETTER SENT TO MARCELO H. DEL PILAR: Crisostomo Ibarra “I wrote my Noli Me Tangere to stir the -He has a liberal mind. patriotism of my countrymen. I would be happy -Outspoken and idealistic. if among those I have stirred, I shall find notable -He becomes very violent and impulsive when companions. “ provoked. HIS PURPOSES FOR WRITING THE NOVEL WERE -Patient and serious man. THE FOLLOWING; -He symbolizes the idealism of the privileged -He is a pessimist. youth. -Rizal can relate to his character as his oldest -Ibarra as Rizal’s reflection of himself. brother, Paciano Rizal. Elias -He spent most of his money on books and now -He distrusts human judgment and prefers ------- lives in poverty. -God’s justice instead. -He symbolizes the learned Filipinos. -He prefers a revolution over reforms. Basilio -He represents the common Filipino. -He is 10 years old. An acolyte tasked to ring the -He is said to be the personification of Andres church bells for the Angelus. Bonifacio -They represented the innocent who were Maria Clara wrongly accused of crimes they did not commit. -Religious woman. -Their story was based on the true tale of the -She symbolizes the purity and innocence of a Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy. sheltered native woman. Crispin -She is portrayed as a faithful sweetheart, a -He is 7 years old, often talks about silly things, good friend, and an obedient daughter. and is Sisa’s favorite son. -She had childish simplicity. -An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of -She gets easily nervous. stealing money from the church. -Her character is related to Rizal’s childhood Padre Damaso sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. -Talkative and cruel priest. Sisa -He continually antagonizes Ibarra and prevents -Is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispin. his marriage to Maria Clara. -Described as beautiful and young, although she -He raped Doña Pia, Maria Clara’s mother. loves her children very much, she cannot -He symbolizes the Spanish friars of Rizal’s time. protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro. EL FILIBUSTERISMO: THE CONTEXT AND -Personified the suffering of the motherland. OVERVIEW: -Named after Rizal’s older sister, Narcisa. ✓ A sequel of the Noli Me Tangere Kapitan Tiago ✓ Written in Spanish -He is said to be a good Catholic, friend of the ✓ Literally means “The Subversion” or in other Spanish government. translation or The Reign of Greed -He symbolizes the rich Filipinos who oppress ✓ Published in Ghent, Belgium September 18, their fellow countrymen. 1891 with the financial assistance of Valentin Doña Victorina Ventura -Wife of Don Tiburcio. ✓ Immediately sent 2 copies to Hong Kong for -An ambitious Filipina. Jose Ma. Basa and Sixto Lopez -She symbolizes those who have a distorted view of their identity. ✓ Copies sent to F. Blumentritt, Ponce, Lopez Doña Consolacion Jaena, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Antonio and Juan -Wife of the Alferez of San Diego. Luna -Often has violent arguments with her husband. DEDICATION -Pretends not to know Tagalog and often uses To the memory of the priests, actually on Spanish words even if she does not know the February 17th, Gomez was 73, Burgos was 35, meaning. and Zamora was 37 -Symbolizes the Filipinos in our society who are I have the right to dedicate my work to you as ashamed of their own race and nationality. victims of the evil which I undertake to combat. Pilosopo Tasyo And while we wait expectantly upon Spain some -Known as "Pilosopo Tasyo." day to restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages less hopeful perspective on the political and serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over social issues in the Philippines. His frustrations your unknown tombs, and let it be understood with failed reform efforts during those years that everyone who without clear proofs attacks contributed to the novel’s darker and more your memory stains his hands in your blood. serious tone. COMPARISON: MESSAGE OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO: NOLI ME TANGERE The Spanish colonial government in the ➤ A romantic novel Philippines was corrupt, oppressive, and heavily ➤ A book of the heart influenced by friars, leading to widespread ➤ A book of feeling injustice and suffering among the people. Its cruelty and lack of genuine reforms fueled ➤ It has freshness, color, humor, and intelligence Filipino resentment, ultimately contributing to Spain’s downfall in the country. ➤ Contains 64 chapters Dedicated to the motherland EL FILIBUSTERISMO A NOVEL ABOUT EL FILIBUSTERISMO REVOLUTION THAT FAILED: ➤ A political novel Simoun planned to take control of Manila upon ➤ A work of the head learning that Maria Clara died at the nunnery ➤ A book of thought with the help of rebels and attempted to ➤ It has bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and destroy the wedding feast of Paulita Gomez and sorrow Juanito Pelaez using an explosive lamp. ➤ Contains 38 chapters However, Isagani foiled his plan by seizing the ➤ Dedicated to the memory of GOMBURZA lamp and throwing it into the river. Both *Noli Me Tangere* and *El Filibusterismo* RELEVANCE OF THE CURRENT SOCIETY: played a crucial role in awakening Filipino *El Filibusterismo* serves as an inspiration to nationalism by highlighting the people's shared Filipinos, highlighting issues of national identity, identity and love for their motherland. Both corruption, discrimination, and colonization, novels sought societal reforms during the ultimately advocating for independence. The Spanish regime—*Noli* advocating peaceful book awakened past generations and continues change through Crisostomo Ibarra, while *Fili* to inspire Filipinos today to fight for what is pushed for revolution through Simoun. As right, just as Rizal did. historical novels, they accurately depicted the realities of Rizal's time and ultimately inspired MAJOR THEMES: the 1896 Revolution, leading to the collapse of -Focus on how to reach a social reform and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. revolution. -Focus on the inevitable revolution and THE WORD “FILIBUSTERO” whether or not the Philippines should rebel Rizal had to explain the term *filibustero* to his peacefully and diplomatically or violently German friend Blumentritt, as it was not widely known in the Philippines. In a letter, he shared PLOT: that he first heard the word in 1872 during the ✓ little humor, tragic executions, and at the time, the masses ✓ less idealism, and were still unfamiliar with it. ✓ less romance CHANGES OF PLOT AND THEME: ✓ revolutionary and Written four years after *Noli Me Tangere*, *El ✓ more tragic Filibusterismo* reflects Rizal's more mature and Simoun, the wealthy jeweler in *El - **Don Custodio** represents corrupt Spanish Filibusterismo*, is actually Crisostomo Ibarra officials who, despite lacking qualifications, hold from *Noli Me Tangere*, who escaped, gained power and dismiss ideas that do not come from riches in Cuba, and returned to the Philippines them. as a powerful adviser to the governor-general. Ben Zayb- A journalist who thinks he is the only Though he appears loyal to Spain, he secretly one thinking in the Philippines seeks revenge, aiming to rescue Maria Clara and Quiroga- a Chinese businessman who dreamt of ignite a revolution against Spanish rule. being a consul of a Consulate of China in the Philippines. CHARACTERS AND REPRESENTATION IN Old Man Selo- father of Kabesang Tales. He SOCIETY: raised the sick and young Basilio after Simoun his mother Sisa had died -the reincarnation of Crisóstomo Ibarra, is a Father Fernandez- the priest-friend of Isagani. wealthy jeweler determined to overthrow He promised to Isagani that he Spanish rule but lacks a clear plan for rebuilding and the other priests will give in to the students' society. demands Maria Clara Padre Sibyla- Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino - after enduring years of suffering, symbolizes friar and now vice-rector of the the friar-dominated culture in *El University of Santo Tomas (U.S.T.) Filibusterismo*, which is now ready for revolution. IDEA OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO: - **Basilio** represents the educated Filipinos The message of the novel is clear: the present who, despite suffering from social injustices, system of governing the Philippines through remain passive and indifferent to revolution. corrupt and selfseeking officials, dominated by - **Isagani** symbolizes the untested and the friars and being submissive to their interests unreliable idealism of young Filipinos, as his in one fashion or another, can only lead to noble aspirations are momentarily set aside for disaster for Spain personal reasons. - **Paulita Gomez** represents a more PHILIPPINES: A CENTURY HENCE: liberated yet indifferent segment of Filipino *The Philippines A Century Hence*, originally womanhood, lacking love for the country and titled *Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años*, was a social responsibility. four-part essay published in *La Solidaridad* - **Juli** embodies purity and honor, choosing from September 30, 1889, to February 1, 1890. to take her own life rather than surrender to In it, Rizal predicted the country's future, the desires of a corrupt friar. warning Spain that the same forces that led to - **Cabesang Tales** is a victim of land the French and Spanish revolutions could also grabbing by friars, whose desperation leads him spark change in the Philippines. to join outlaws in pursuit of revenge, only to find no justice. The essay has 4 parts (articles) - **Fr. Florentino** reflects Rizal’s belief in Part I causes of the miseries of the people peaceful reform over violent revolution, Part II Filipino awareness on society under choosing a life of solitude and wisdom over Spanish rule (Filipinization) wealth and power. Part III centered on the reforms and political - **Placido Penitente** symbolizes the changes disillusioned youth who, lacking national Part IV delved on the stages that would lead the sentiment, hesitate when faced with the choice Philippines to independence of joining a revolution. THE ESSAY PRESENTED RADICAL PROPHESY TO - A government that seeks prestige must allow a WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE PHILIPPINES free press, as it serves as the voice of public THROUGH THE CENTURY: opinion. 1. That the Philippines will remain to be a colony of Spain, LOVE OF COUNTRY: ESSAY but it will be in good terms, ✓Rizal was only 21 when he wrote the essay in 2. That the Philippines will try to cut the ties of Barcelona, Spain our ✓Published on August 20, 1882 in the Diariong Motherland from the captors through a Tagalog in Manila revolution, and ✓Translated into Tagalog by MH del Pilar 3. That we will be colonized by another country. ✓The first first nationalistic essay he wrote in the soil of Spain VARIOUS CAUSES OF THE MISERIES SUFFERED under the pseudonym Laong Laan. BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE: ✓Originally known as El Amor Patrio ✓Implementation of her military policies which dramatically decreased population. KEY POINTS: ✓Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino Loving one’s country was the greatest, mot indigenous culture heroic and sublime or disinterested sentiment a ✓Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish person could have rule ✓Challenge the Filipinos to sacrifice for the ✓ Poverty becoming rampant welfare of the country ✓ Families becoming neglected by society ✓Filipinos must sacrifice their youth, pleasures, splendor of genius and even their life RIZAL BELIEVES THAT WITH ALL THOSE ✓Filipinos should not fear losing their lives CONSIDERED TIME WILL COME THAT THE because they are going to live their country two FILIPINO PEOPLE COULD NOT FURTHER immense fortunes; LIBERTY TOLERATE SUCH OPPRESSION: and GLORY. Efforts to keep Filipinos uneducated and impoverished have failed as they developed SELECTED TEXT FROM THE ESSAY: national consciousness and sought progress, - As we go through different stages of life, our while extermination as an alternative would interests change, but love for our country, once come at the cost of Spanish lives. deeply rooted, remains eternal and unshakable. - Love is the most powerful force behind noble Rizal’s vision became reality in 1898 when the actions, and among all forms of love, patriotism U.S. defeated Spain and took control of the has inspired the greatest and most selfless Philippines, leading to a period of democracy deeds throughout history. and liberty until the country finally gained independence five decades after his death. love is the most potent force behind the most sublime deeds…the love of country is what QUOTE FROM PHILIPPINE A CENTURY HENCE produced the greatest, the most heroic, the ESSAY: most disinterested - To understand a nation's destiny, one must Rizal’s words suggest that his sense of first examine its history. nationhood was fully formed, reaching its peak - No civilization has ever permanently as he departed from his homeland. dominated another with different race, culture, and beliefs—one must always give way. LETTER TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS: ✓A group of 20 women of Malolos petitioned ✓Awaken and prepare the mind of the child for Gov. Gen. Weyler to open a night school so that every good and desirable idea they may study Spanish under Teodoro Sandiko ✓Teach children to prefer death with honor to ✓Fr. Felipe Garcia objected resulting into the life turning down of the petition ✓Educate the children on the ff: love for honor, ✓The women courageously sustained their love for one’s fellowmen and respect for God agitation for the establishment of the said ✓Educate children on what is good, what is true school and what is noble ✓In the end, permission were granted to their project on the condition that Señorita QUALITIES MOTHERS HAVE TO POSSESS: Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher ✓Be a noble wife. ✓Marcelo H. del Pilar requested Rizal to write a ✓Rear her children in the service of the state – letter commending them for their extraordinary here Rizal gives reference to the women of courage Sparta who embody this quality ✓Written in Tagalog while Rizal was in London ✓Set standards of behavior for men around her ✓Addresses all kinds of women – mothers, wives, the unmarried men and women ADVICE TO UNMARRIED MEN AND WOMEN: ✓Young men should not consider physical THE LETTER: beauty nor the sweetness of disposition of a With Filipino women now striving for awareness woman but rather give priority to firmness of and upliftment, there is renewed hope and character and lofty ideas confidence in achieving victory. No longer ✓Young women should not surrender their submissive or kept in ignorance, they reject womanhood to a weak and timid heart blind obedience and embrace dignity, self- 3 Things young woman must look for a man she respect, and the fight for justice. is going to marry: ✓A noble and honored name MESSAGE TO FILIPINO WOMEN: ✓A manly heart ✓ultimate desire was to afford Filipino women ✓A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with with the same opportunities enjoyed by men in engendering slaves. education ✓education-that will liberate women RIZAL’S REMINDERS ON EQUALITY, SELF- ✓emphasizes on freedom of thought and the RESPECT AND TRUE SPIRIT OF RELIGION (THE right to education LAST PART OF THE LETTER): ✓emphasized the need of maintaining the 1) Tyranny thrives only when people allow it independence of mind and reason with the through cowardice and negligence. attendant strengthening the will 2) A person becomes contemptible when they ✓urged women to be vigilant over their rights lack dignity and live in fear of those who and not to be docile and passive in their oppress them. attitude towards the many injustices forced 3) Ignorance is a form of servitude, as a man upon them who does not think for himself is merely a follower without true freedom. RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO MOTHERS TO 4) To preserve one’s own independence, one THEIR CHILDREN: must also protect and support others in their ✓Whatever the mother shows to her children is struggle for freedom. what the children will also become. 5) If Filipinas do not change their ways, they risk ✓Raise children close to the image of God raising children who will inherit their passivity and betray their homeland. 6) All men are born free and equal, for God did RIZAL’S THESIS IN THIS ESSAY WAS SIMPLE: not create them to be slaves or to live in Rizal argued that Filipinos were not inherently deception. lazy but had a tendency toward indolence due 7) One must examine whether the religion to their tropical environment, where the hot being taught truly aligns with God’s will and climate and fertile soil required less labor for Christ’s teachings of compassion and justice. survival. He also pointed out that Europeans in the tropics, often surrounded by servants, were TO THE WOMEN OF MALOLOS” CENTERS the true examples of laziness. AROUND FIVE SALIENT POINTS (ZAIDE &ZAIDE, 1999): Rizal acknowledged the existence of indolence 1) Mothers should teach their children to love but argued that it was not inherent, as early God, their country, and their fellowmen. Spanish chroniclers described pre-colonial 2) Like Spartan mothers, they should take pride Filipinos as hardworking and honest, raising the in offering their sons for the defense of their question of what caused their decline in homeland. diligence. 3) Women should uphold and protect their dignity and honor at all costs. The decline of Filipino industry resulted from 4) They should pursue education while both Spanish colonial policies and the Filipinos' preserving their valuable racial and cultural own shortcomings, prompting the question of heritage. which colonial factors contributed to fostering 5) True faith is not just about prayers and indolence. religious symbols but about living a genuine Christian life with good morals and virtues. FACTORS OF THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS (ATTRIBUTABLE TO SPANISH COLONIZERS): THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS (SOBRE LA 1. The wars and internal disorders following the INDOLENCIA DELOS FILIPINOS): Spanish conquest reduced the Filipino ✓the longest essay written by Rizal workforce as many were drafted and never ✓published in 5 installments in the La returned. Solidaridad from July 15- September 15, 1890 2. Piratical attacks by Muslim raiders, often ✓the most important analytical study made by encouraged by the government, discouraged Rizal about the Philippine society during the coastal inhabitants from working due to Spanish regime constant fear and destruction. 3. Forced labor in shipbuilding diverted Filipinos ✓this essay represents his defense of the from farming, leaving only a few to cultivate the Filipinos from the charge that they were inherently lazy or indolent land. 4. The government's neglect of agriculture, industry, and commerce isolated the colony BACKGROUND KEY POINTS: from trade opportunities and failed to support - Rizal observed that Filipinos were often economic growth. blamed for the country’s problems, leading him 5. The lack of material and moral incentives led to analyze social and political conditions to argue that indolence was a consequence, not Filipinos to lose interest in hard work, knowing the cause, of the nation’s backwardness. their efforts would not benefit them. 6. Spanish missionaries taught that heaven was - While his colleagues denied the existence of indolence in the Philippines, Rizal believed it for the poor, making Filipinos prefer poverty over striving for wealth. had become a way of life, defining it as 7. Excessive government restrictions and inactiveness, lack of enthusiasm for work, or bureaucratic red tape stifled native complete disregard for labor. entrepreneurship. 8. The government’s promotion of gambling FILIPINO NATIONALISM: encouraged a culture of easy money over hard Filipino nationalism SERVES AS AWAKENING work. AND SUPPORT, emerged as a response to over 9. Friars’ ownership of vast estates hindered the three centuries of Spanish rule, gradually prosperity of towns despite the efforts of their uniting political and armed movements in the inhabitants. fight for freedom. Led primarily by the ilustrado 10. Spaniards' disdain for manual labor class, it fueled the Philippine Revolution of influenced Filipinos to develop an aversion to 1896, the first nationalist revolution in Asia. working with their hands. - NICK JOAQUIN 11. The oppressive Spanish education system discouraged ambition and economic enterprise, 10 STANDARDS OF CRITERIA keeping Filipinos subjugated. During Marcos' presidency, the National Heroes Commission was tasked with establishing FACTORS OF THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS criteria for national heroes, later formalized (ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE FILIPINOS through Executive Order No. 75 in 1993, which THEMSELVES): created the National Heroes Committee to 1. The feeling of inferiority weakened the evaluate and recommend historical figures for Filipinos’ drive for progress, leading them to the title. surrender without effort. 1. A hero is measured by the extent of their 2. Placing hopes on miracles, they wasted sacrifices for the nation's welfare. resources on the Church, expecting divine 2. Their motives and methods in achieving their intervention instead of hard work. ideals must be selfless and morally valid. 3. Conditioned to believe in their inferiority, 3. A hero must possess strong moral character Filipinos conformed to harmful routines that without any major immorality affecting their stifled ambition and progress. ideals. 4. The lack of national sentiment prevented 4. Their influence should extend beyond their collective action for the country's welfare, as time and impact future generations. Filipinos saw themselves as individuals rather 5. A hero must have a clear concept of than part of a nation. nationhood and actively struggle for its freedom, especially against threats. THE SOLUTION IS EDUCATION AND LIBERTY – 6. They should contribute to a system of JOSE RIZAL freedom and order that benefits the country. 7. A hero's actions must significantly improve JOSE RIZAL: PHILIPPINE the quality and destiny of the nation. NATIONALISMNATIONAL SYMBOL BAYANI AT 8. The people must recognize and acknowledge KABAYANIHAN: them as a hero. Definition of BAYANI 9. A true hero considers the future and ensures -A bayani is one that humbly recognizes the their actions benefit upcoming generations. interest of what is bigger that the individual, like 10. The selection of a hero is based on their the group, the community, the nation, entire journey, not just a single event in history. humanity and the environment. The bayani acts with the collective and with THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO their common concern in mind. In line with this, HERO by Diana A. Galang National Historical BAYANIHAN Commission of the Philippines -can be considered as a form of active heroism Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a known historian, (kabayanihan) of an individual or a group of stated in his book about Rizal that a hero people by helping others without expecting means a prominent or central personage taking anything in return an admirable part in any remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or 3. Unlike other national heroes whose births are enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; commemorated, Rizal Day honors his heroic and a man honored after death by public death. worship because of exceptional service to 4. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, MH del mankind. Pilar, Antonio Luna, and other propagandists in Europe were dedicated young men whose deep The true heroes of Philippine history deserve to faith in their country made them prioritize be called so for they didn’t have any idea that national welfare over personal interests. one day they will be measured up, they just -Agoncillo acted upon their principles. NATIONAL SYMBOLS: National symbols serve to unite people by visually, verbally, or iconically representing a nation's identity, values, and history, fostering patriotism and inclusivity among its citizens. Sure! Here is the text from the image that you can copy and paste: **Philippine National Symbols** - **Dr. Jose Rizal** (National Hero) - **Cariñosa** (National Dance) - **Sipa** (National Game) - **Sampaguita** (National Flower) - **Mango** (National Fruit) - **Bahay Kubo** (National House) - **Barong** (National Male Costume) - **Baro at Saya** (National Female Costume) - **Narra** (National Tree) - **Philippine Eagle/Agila** (National Bird) - **Bangus/Milkfish** (National Fish) - **Carabao** (National Animal) - **Anahaw** (National Leaf) - **Bakya** (Wooden Clogs) - **Lechon** (National Dish/Food) - **Kalesa** (National Vehicle) RIZAL AS NATIONAL SYMBOL: 1. Dr. Rizal has been recognized by both Filipino and foreign biographers as one of Asia’s great intellectual leaders.- de Ocampo 2. His death symbolized courage over fear, love of country over shame, and pride of honor over sedition, uniting Filipinos as one nation while exposing the dishonor of Spain’s colonial rule. -Ordoñez