Improvement in Food Resources PDF - Class 9th Notes

Improvement in Food Resources  Topics to be Covered Food Resources Crop Variety Improvement Crop Production Improvement Crop Protection Improvement Animal Husbandry  Plants Animals All living organisms need food for health, growth and development....

Improvement in Food Resources  Topics to be Covered Food Resources Crop Variety Improvement Crop Production Improvement Crop Protection Improvement Animal Husbandry  Plants Animals All living organisms need food for health, growth and development. Food provides nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins and minerals. Why improvement in food resources? India’s population exceeds one billion and is growing, needing over a quarter billion tonnes of grain yearly. With limited cultivable land, boosting production efficiency in crops and livestock is essential. Green Revolution White Revolution Dairy development programs have boosted milk It is a program launched in many countries to production, while these agricultural advancements boost food production using modern have increased natural resource use. Sustainable technology, irrigation, and improved seeds. methods are now needed to enhance crop and livestock efficiency.  Improvement in Crop Yields Types of Crops  Crop Season: Different crops require different conditions (temperature, moisture, etc.), different photo-periods (duration of sunlight) for their growth and completing life cycle. Type of Crop Kharif Crops Rabi Crops Zaid Crops Rainy season (June to Winter season (November Summer season (March to Season October) to April) June) Paddy, soybean, pigeon pea, Watermelon, muskmelon, Wheat, gram, peas, Major Crops maize, cotton, green gram, cucumber, pumpkin, bitter mustard, linseed black gram gourd  DIRECT QUESTIONS FROM THIS CHAPTER!! a. What is the duration of Rabi season? Name any two Rabi crops. b.What is the duration of kharif season? Name any two kharif crops. Answer: a. The Rabi season lasts from November to April. Two Rabi crops are wheat and gram. b. The Kharif season lasts from June to October. Two Kharif crops are rice and maize.  Crop Variety Crop Protection Improvement Improvement Crop Production Improvement  Crop Variety Improvement Hybridization: It is the process of crossing between two or more genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new variety with good properties of both the crops. Intervarietal - Between two varieties of a plant Interspecific - Between two species belonging to same genus Inter Generic - Between species of different genus Introduction of Gene: A gene that can provide the desirable characteristics to a crop are introduced in this process. As a result, we obtain genetically modified crops.  Hybridization Grapes Rice  GMO Corns Onions Good and Healthy Seeds: Higher Yield: To increase the productivity of the crop per acre. Improved quality: Quality of crop products vary from crop to crop. Biotic & Abiotic resistances: Crop production reduces due to biotic and abiotic factors. Varieties resistant to these factors can improve crop production. Wider adaptability: Crops which can grow in different conditions, will help in setting high production. Desired agronomic traits: Crops which contain desired agronomic traits (height, branching, leaves), sets high production. Q.What is the name given to crops obtained by introducing a gene that provides the desired characteristic? Answer: Genetically modified crops  Crop Production Improvement Different farmers can have small or large farms on which they can use different farming practices. The choice of farming practices would depend upon the availability of financial resources money. Hence, production practices can be divided into different levels 1. No cost Production 2. Low-cost Production 3. High-cost Production Q.Name the ways by which crop-yield can be increased Answer:. 1.Crop Variety Improvement 2.Crop Production Management 3.Crop Protection Management:  Nutrient Cropping Patterns Management Irrigation  Nutrient Management Nutrients supplied by air, water and soil: The yield may be affected as plants won't be able to reproduce. Plant growth can be affected plants can get What happens if plants diseases easily. lack in these nutrients? A plant obtains essential nutrients from air, water, and soil. Air provides carbon and oxygen, water supplies hydrogen, and soil supplies the remaining 13 nutrients. Nutrient management involves adding fertilizers and manures to enrich the soil with these necessary nutrients. Macronutrients Micronutrients Required in large amounts for plant growth and Required in small amounts (trace minerals) development Examples: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Examples: Iron (Fe), Boron (B), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S), Magnesium Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), (Mg) Molybdenum (Mo) Essential for structure, energy transfer, and cell Vital for enzyme function, photosynthesis, and function specific plant processes Mostly derived from soil, with some from air and Mainly derived from soil water Q.What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients? Answer: Macro-nutrients are the essential elements which are utilised by plants in large quantities. Since they are required in large quantities, they are known as macro-nutrient. The six macro-nutrients required by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Q.What mineral nutrients are supplied to the plants by air, water and soil Answer: AIR provides 1. Carbon (from carbon dioxide gas) 2. Oxygen (from oxygen gas) WATER provides 1. Hydrogen SOIL provides MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIETS: 1. Nitrogen 2. Phosphorus 3. Potassium 4. Calcium 5. Iron  Manure To increase the yield, the soil can be enriched by supplying nutrients in the form of manure and fertilizers. Manure is a source of organic matter. It supplies small quantities of nutrient to the soil. It is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. Sun Hemp Guar Q.How is the use of manure beneficial for our environment? Answer: The use of manure is beneficial for our environment as : they help in recycling biological wastes like animal excreta and plant wastes It also protects the environment from damage caused by chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. They add organic matter to the soil and improve soil fertility.  Fertilizers Fertilizers are prepared in factories. They are made up of chemical substances. They have large amount of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Fertilizers are easily absorbed by the plants since they are soluble in water. It is costly.  Manure Fertilizers These are organic substances. These are inorganic substances. These are made up of natural substances (decomposition of plant and animal These are made of chemical substances. waste). These have less amount of nutrient. These have large amount of nutrients. These are cheap and are prepared in These are costly and are prepared in rural homes or fields. factories. Manures are slowly absorbed by the Fertilizers are easily absorbed by the plants since they are insoluble in water. plants since they are soluble in water. Q. Why are manure and fertilizers used in fields? Answer: Manures and fertilizers are used in fields to enrich the soil with the required nutrients 1. Manure helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients, This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. 2.On the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plant, they are a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.  Organic Farming A farming practice which involves no use of artificial chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides and completely relies upon organic matter is known as organic farming. Organic matter used in organic farming: manure bioagents such as blue-green algae biofertilizers Neem leaves and turmeric as biopesticides  Cropping Patterns Mixed cropping Intercropping Crop Rotation Two or more crops are grown Growing two or more than Crop rotation is policy of on the same field in a definite two crops together on the growing different crops one pattern. Few rows of one same piece of land is called after another on the same followed by few rows of the mixed cropping. field. other. Examples: Examples: Growing beans (year 1), followed Examples: Soyabean + wheat and gram, wheat and by tomatoes (year 2), and sweet maize, Finger mustard, groundnut and corn (year 3) before planting millet(Bajra)+Cow pea (lobia) beans in the same spot again the sunflower. following year.  Cropping Patterns Mixed Inter Crop Cropping cropping Rotation Q. What is the process of growing two or more crops in a definite pattern? I. Crop rotation II. Inter-cropping III. Mixed cropping IV. Organic cropping Q.What are the advantages of intercropping and crop rotation? Answer: INTERCROPPING It helps maximize nutrient use in the soil and maintains soil fertility, while crop rotation preserves soil fertility, reduces weeds, and minimizes the need for chemical fertilizers The maximum amount of nutrients in the soil is used. Fertility, the ability of the soil to maintain plant growth, is very well maintained. It is one of the natural ways to control pests. CROP ROTATION The soil fertility is well preserved. Weeds and pests are not allowed to grow. The use of chemical fertilizers is reduced. The properties of soil are untouched. Increased yield.  The process of supplying water to the crop Irrigation plants is called irrigation. Methods of Irrigation Watershed Dug wells Tube wells System  Canals River lift System Tank System Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation Rainwater Harvesting  Crop Protection Management To protect crops against diseases caused organisms and other harming factors is called crop protection. Methods used to control the problems: (i) Pest control during growth (ii) Storage of grains  Pest control during growth Pest is any destructive organism which can destroy or harm crops or products obtained from them.  Storage of Grains Storage Losses High losses due to biotic (living) factors: insects, rodents, fungi, mites, and bacteria. Losses also caused by abiotic (non-living) factors: moisture, unsuitable temperatures. Effects of Poor Storage Quality deterioration Weight loss Discoloration Reduced germination ability  Storage of Grains Preventive Measures Thorough cleaning of produce before storage. Drying of grains in sunlight, followed by shade drying. Fumigation to kill pests. Importance of Proper Storage Ensures year-round availability of seasonal foods. Improves marketability by maintaining grain quality. 1. White revolution was done for A. Cotton B. Milk C. Eggs Enemy Ahead! D. Oil 2. Desirable agronomic characteristics for fodder crop? A. Tallness B. Profuse branching C. Dwarfness Enemy Ahead! D. Both a and b 3. Which of the following is a biotic stress in plants? A. Flood B. Ultraviolet rays C. Bacterial attack Enemy Ahead! D. Drought 4. Which is a micronutrient? A. Nitrogen B. Calcium Enemy Ahead! C. Zinc D. Phosphorus  Animal Husbandry Animal husbandry is a scientific management of domestic animals in an efficient manner to obtain food and other useful products from them. Types of Animal Husbandry: Cattle Farming Poultry Farming Fish Production Bee Keeping  Cattle farming Purpose of cattle farming: (i) For getting milk (ii) Ploughing fields (iii) Bull cart for transportation Types of cattle: Foreign (Exotic) Cattle Breeds: Jersey Brown Swiss Holstein-Friesian Indigenous (Local) Breeds: Red Sindhi Sahiwal Lactation Period The period of milk production between birth of a young one and the next pregnancy is called lactation period. Milk production can be enhanced by increasing the lactation period in the cattle. Cross Breeding Crossbreeding of foreign breeds and local breeds can provide cattle with qualities of increased lactation period and resistance to diseases.  Shelter Management Shelters of the cattle should be kept neat and clean in order to keep the cattle healthy. The cattle should be kept clean and should be provided with a covered shelter that can protect them from harsh weathers. The floor of the shelters should be kept dry and clean. Regular brushing of skin of cattle.  Food Requirement Roughage mainly containing fibre Concentrates containing proteins Food containing micro nutrients (vitamins and minerals) for enhanced milk production.  Protection from Diseases Diseases can cause death and reduce milk production. Parasites are small organisms living inside or outside the body of another organism (host). They derive food from the body of host. External parasites on skin of cattle cause skin diseases. Internal parasites like worms cause stomach and intestine problems and flukes cause liver problems. Bacteria, virus cause infectious diseases (diseases that can be easily transmitted from one to another).  Poultry Farming Poultry farming is done for eggs and meat. They both provide protein to our diet. Broilers: Birds grown for obtaining meat are called broilers. They can be used after 6-8 weeks from their birth. Layers: Birds grown for obtaining egg are called layers. They can be used after 20 weeks when sexual maturity has been attempt to lay eggs.  Poultry Farming Most of the broilers and layers are cross-breed. Breeding is done to enhance following properties in hens like: (i) More and better quality chicks. (ii) Low maintenance. (iii) Breeding is done to produce dwarf broilers (meat-giving birds). Feeding cost is the biggest expense in poultry farms. Dwarf broilers need less food and can reduce cost by 30%. Also, they can tolerate more heat. Indigenous local breeds: Aseel, Basara, Brahma, Kadaknath, Chittagong, etc. Exotic breeds: White Leghorn, Black Minorcha, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth etc.  Egg and Broiler Production Layers Broiler Layers are managed for the purpose of getting eggs. Broilers are managed for getting meat. A layer should be able to produce more large-sized A broiler should yield more meat and hence should eggs, without growing too much. (500 days) be able to grow well. (6-7 weeks) They require conditions to grow fast and have low They require enough space and adequate lighting. mortality. Their food requirement is rich in protein and They require restricted and calculated feed. vitamins A and K. Q.What are the benefits of poultry farming over cattle farming? Answer: 1.It requires less investment compared to rearing cattle and has less maintenance 2.Broilers intake of feed is comparatively very low(requires less food). 3.Poultry farming requires very little water for both drinking and cleaning 4.Faster Growth and Higher Productivity  Fish Production Great source of protein to our diet. Fishing are of two types on the mode of obtaining fishes: (i) Capture fishing: Naturally living fishes in various water bodies are captured. (ii) Culture fishing: Fishes of desired variety are cultivated in confined areas with utmost care to get maximum yield. This is also called aquaculture. Aquaculture can be done in oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds etc. When it is done in oceans, it is called mariculture. Fish production on the basis of Source of Water Marine Fisheries Inland Fisheries Marine fisheries Coastal Fisheries Off-shore or deep-sea Fisheries  Tuna Pomphret Bombay duck Mackerel Some marine fish of high economic value are also farmed in seawater. This include - Prawns Finned fishes like mullets, bhetki, and peal spots. Shellfish such as prawns, mussels and oysters. Bhetki Oysters are also cultivated for the pearls they make. Oysters  Inland Fishing It includes fish production in fresh water (for example ponds, rivers, lakes, reservoirs) and brackish water (for example estuaries). Popular freshwater fish varieties include - Rohu Catla Grass carp Common carp Silver carp  Integrated Fish Culture Integrated farming is a sustainable agricultural practice that combines crop production with other activities like livestock, poultry, fisheries, or beekeeping. This approach aims to maximize resource use efficiency, increase farm income, and reduce the environmental impact by creating a balanced ecosystem within the farm  Composite Fish Culture Composite fish culture, also known as polyculture, involves growing different types of fish in the same water source to maximize productivity. Fish are selected based on their feeding zones to ensure efficient use of resources. Surface Feeders: Examples: Catla, Silver Carp Column Feeders: Examples: Rohu, Grass Carp Bottom Feeders: Examples: Mrigal, Common Carp This method allows different fish species to coexist and feed at different levels, optimizing the ecosystem within the pond or water source.  Advantages of Fishing More Yield: Fishing can provide a significant amount of food, contributing to food security and nutrition. Economic Benefits: Fishing can be a major source of income for communities, especially in coastal areas. Employment: The fishing industry provides jobs in various sectors, including catching, processing, and selling fish. Sustainable Resource: If managed properly, fish populations can be a renewable resource.  Problems of Fishing Many fish species only lay eggs during the monsoon season, which limits the rapid growth of their populations. To address this, hormonal stimulation is employed. This method allows fish to reproduce at any time of the year. Overfishing: Unsustainable fishing practices can lead to the depletion of fish stocks, threatening marine  Bee Keeping It is the practice of keeping, caring & management of honeybees on a large scale for obtaining honey and wax. Many farmers use bee-keeping for additional small income. Also, there are big farms called apiaries/bee farms.  Bee Keeping Apiary The setting up of a number of bee hives in desirable location in a systematic manner that allows maximum pollen and nectar collection. Some common Indian varieties of bees include Apis cerana indica (Indian bee), dorsata (rock bee), floral (little bee). One Italian variety mellifera is also used in India for commercial large scale production. Advantages of Italian variety Melifera: High honey collection capacity. They reproduce fast. They sting less. They stay in a bee hive for long. Honey It is a dense sweet liquid. It is used in medicines. It is used as sugar. It is used as a source of energy. Q.What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production? Answer: 1. They should be able to collect a lot of honey. 2. They should be able to produce a lot of offspring. 3. They must remain in their hive for an extended amount of time. 4. They should be less stingy.  THINK! Q. If there is low rainfall in a village throughout the year. What measures will you suggest to the farmers for better cropping? Answer: 1. Soil moisture conservation: A large amount of humus and organic manure,compost should be put in to enrich the soil and boost its water holding capacity. 2. Crop rotation and intercropping: crops that require varying amounts of water are planted together,reducing water demand. 3. Efficient irrigation systems: drip irrigation or sprinkler systems. 4. Drought resistant crops: encourage crop varieties that require less water such as millet,sorghum,well suited for arid conditions. 5. Storage:Store the available rainwater in tanks and utilise this water later for irrigating their fields.  THINK! Q. Chintulal is an organic farmer looking to improve his soil fertility. He wants to know whether he should use organic manure or fertilizers. What would you recommend, and why? Answer: I would like to recommend Organic manure for the following reasons: 1.It has more moisture and organic content improving the soil fertility ,whereas fertilizers change the nature of soil, making it either too acidic or too alkaline. 2.Organic manure is usually derived from animal matter, human excreta, and vegetative matter so it causes less damage to the environment compared to fertilizers. 3.Manures does not adversely affect the plant or the soil if supplied in large quantities on the other hand fertilizers adversely affects the soil and the plant if supplied in large quantities. 4.Fertilizers on the other hand are expensive and provide only short term benefits. 5. Broiler is used for __________ production A. Milk B. Meat C. Egg D. All of these 6. Which one of the following species of honey bee is an Italian species? A. Apis dorsata B. Apis florae C. Apis cerana indica D. Apis mellifera 7. Poultry farming is undertaken to raise following i. Egg production ii. Feather production ii. Chicken meat iv. Milk production A. i and iii B. i and ii C. ii and iii D. iii and iv “Cultivate ambition, harvest excellence.”