MK YADAV Sir's UPSC CSE MAINS 2023/24 Booster Series PDF

MK YADAV Sir's MAINS BOOSTER SERIES 12 Booklets. 600 Pages. COMPLETE MAINS COVERAGE! Current + Static Integrated Series forUPSCCSEMAINS2023/24 Get Access to Our FREE Resources http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment Aaj ka Quality Enrichment (Subscribe Our Youtube Channel) https://t.me/theiashub Join Our Telegram Channel https://theiashub.com/free-resources Download Our Free Resources https://theiashub.com/ Check out Our Courses CONTACT MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Table of Content 1. POLICY AND POLICY FORMULATION..................................................................................................................... 2 PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA...................................................................................................................................... 2 2. DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES & THE DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY.............................................................................. 6 ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ORGANIZATIONS.............................................................................................................. 7 3. GOVERNANCE AND GOOD-GOVERNANCE.......................................................................................................... 20 SPORTS GOVERNANCE IN INDIA.......................................................................................................................... 24 4. E-GOVERNANCE.................................................................................................................................................. 26 5. CITIZEN CHARTER............................................................................................................................................... 30 6. MEANS TO ENSURE TRANSPARENCY & ACCOUNTABILITY.................................................................................. 33 RIGHT TO INFORMATION.................................................................................................................................. 33 SOCIAL AUDIT................................................................................................................................................ 37 WHISTLE BLOWERS PROTECTION ACT, 2014......................................................................................................... 39 LOKPAL & LOKAYUKTAS ACT 2013..................................................................................................................... 41 7. ROLE OF CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA....................................................................................................................... 45 8. WELFARE SCHEMES FOR VULNERABLE SECTIONS............................................................................................... 51 A) WOMEN........................................................................................................................................................... 51 B) CHILDREN.......................................................................................................................................................... 54 C) SCHEDULE CASTE................................................................................................................................................ 57 D) SCHEDULE TRIBE................................................................................................................................................. 59 E) OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES (OBCS):...................................................................................................................... 63 F) PERSON WITH DISABILITIES.................................................................................................................................... 66 G) LGBTQ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 H) SENIOR CITIZENS/AGED........................................................................................................................................ 70 I) MINORITIES....................................................................................................................................................... 72 J) BEGGARS.......................................................................................................................................................... 74 9. ISSUES RELATING TO DEVELOPMENT & MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL SECTOR/SERVICES...................................... 75 HEALTH SECTOR OF INDIA................................................................................................................................. 75 EDUCATION................................................................................................................................................... 86 10. ISSUES RELATING TO POVERTY & HUNGER.................................................................................................... 90 POVERTY IN INDIA........................................................................................................................................... 91 HUNGER IN INDIA........................................................................................................................................... 92 Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 1 MK YADAV Sir's MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 12 BOOKLETS. 600 PAGES. COMPLETE MAINS COVERAGE! “ INCREASE YOUR GS MAINS SCORE by 200+ MARKS ” CURRENT & STATIC INTEGRATED Practically Substantiate your Answers RECENT EXAMPLES, FACTS, & RELEVANT QUOTES Enrichment dose for Quality Answers READY USE DIAGRAMS & MIND MAPS For High Impact Answer Presentation DOWNLOAD Your FREE Copies MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 1. Policy and policy formulation 1. Policy and policy formulation Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)  People-centric development policy, From Heavy Handed to Soft Touch Approach, From Government-first approach to Citizen-first approach, From Transient Growth to Organic growth, Engaged, Entrepreneurial, and Responsive government, Performance-oriented mindset, New-age local governance, Poly-crisis to multi-sectoral advancement Introduction  A policy must provide direction and a course of action to run a state. Governance and policy were intertwined from the start. o It received some attention after the Second World War.  Political scientists and public administrators wanted to know why government programmes succeed or fail. Nature and Scope of Public Policy  Political science has dominated policy study since its inception, focusing on values to be implemented by governments. o Public administration and management only became core research areas in the 1960s. Meaning of Public Meaning of Public Policy  Due to its vastness and contextualization  Policy refers to a proposed course of action of challenges, social sciences find it hard to relate an individual, a group, an institution or a and define public. government to realise specific objectives within  The word "public" has many meanings. It comes a given environment. Public policies are from the Latin word publicus. formulated and implemented by the  It is related to "populus" in English. In general, governmental bodies and officials. public denotes some mass population ("the  It has certain commonalities: a set of decisions; people"). prescribed procedures and approval levels; o Here it means governmental. suitability; rationality, organisational and  Thus, public policy is simply governmental personal politics. policy formulated in a political setting.  From a general perspective, it has been ○ They are related with civic or public described as the process of deciding who gets affairs, or affairs of office or state. what, when, where, and how. Public Policy in India  Post-independence India concentrated on policy research to evaluate public policy implementation.  As demand for independent assessment increased, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) conducted evaluation studies.  India established various institutions i.e. NCERT, IIPA, and NCAER.  The Indian Council of Social Sciences Research (ICSSR) was founded in 1969, starting the second phase. It attempted to create a policy research institute outside of universities. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 2 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Evolution of Public Policy in India First Phase: Post-independence India selected planned economic growth. It was believed that economic progress would spur social, political, and human development. ○ The Planning Commission shaped the nation's policies and opinions. ○ The FYP formed the basis for all government policies. Second Phase: It was started after LPG reforms in India and marked with devolution of power through the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments act. Present Phase: It is characterised by the creation of the NITI Aayog and the emergence of cooperative and competitive federalism in India. Major Types of Public Policy  Depending on their geographic scope or expansion, public policies can be divided into two major categories: domestic and foreign.  A country's domestic policy is a collection of actions made by the government that have an immediate impact on its citizens. o This policy's scope is limited to the borders of one country. o It encompasses a wide range of topics across all facets of the nation. o Regulatory policies, economic policies, and social policies are only a few examples of the many sorts of domestic policies.  Regulatory Policy: Regulating policies strive to keep people and groups within social norms by controlling their behaviours. o These rules may curb their discretionary behaviour. Example Anti-Dumping duty. o Regulatory policies can be competitive or protectionist. Ex: Establishment of SEBI and RBI.  Economic Policies: integral aspect of public finance of a country. These refer to all those actions which are taken by the government to influence the economy and economic conditions. o Example Mudra Yojana, LPG reforms, Aatamnirbhar Bharat. Stabilisation policy, monetary policy, fiscal policy, industrial policy, investment policy and trade policy.  Social Policies: These policies aim at social control and social change. o These are concerned with creation of favourable social conditions for fostering social existence. o Example: National Nutrition Policy, 1993, Poshan Abhiyan, MGNREGA etc.  Foreign Policy: strategy to deal with other nations on bilateral and multilateral issues. o The policy is particularly meant to safeguard national interests and foster international relations to enable peaceful co-existence of nations. o Example NAM, Gujral Doctrine, Neighbourhood first Policy, etc,. Stages in the Policy Process Thomas Dye (2004) sets out the following stages in his analysis of the policy process:  Problem Identification: The identification of policy problems through demands for government action.  Agenda Setting: Focusing the attention of the mass media and public officials on specific public problems as a prelude to decision making.  Policy Formulation: The development of policy proposals by interest groups, officers of the chief executive’s office, committees of the legislature, think tanks, etc.  Policy Legitimation: The selection and enactment of policies through political actions by the executive, the legislature, and the courts.  Policy Implementation: The implementation of policies through organised bureaucracies, public expenditures, and the activities of executive agencies.  Policy Evaluation: The evaluation of policies by government agencies themselves, outside consultants, the press, and the public. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 3 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Significance of Public Policy  Public policies are key instruments in the hands of the government to realise public ends.  Redistribution of Economic growth: For example, giving grants in aid and special category status to the underdeveloped states.  Promoting inclusive growth through financial inclusion and social inclusion. o Example: JAM trinity.  Reformative and progressive in society: Eliminating poverty and hunger, giving universal health coverage. o Example- MGNREGA, Ayushman Bharat Abhiyan, Zamindari reforms, national food security act-2013.  The main objective of policies is to provide social stability by reducing deprivation and social conflict. Issues with the policies in India In India, when policies are made and implemented without the desired impact, the blame is often placed at the implementation end. Conceived in nature: Policies essentially flow from problem discovery, followed by problem definition. ○ Hence policies need to be designed, they cannot be conceived. ○ For example, Operation Blackboard began with a rudimentary problem diagnosis. If teachers are missing, children don't go to school. The temptation to roll out policies quickly: leads to a rush to accept inadequate design, despite the lack of adequate information and data. Impact evaluation is too slow and too small, and willingness to acknowledge weak points is almost nonexistent. ○ Evaluation should have led to problem redefinition and possibly changes in policy. ○ For example, in Beti bachao Beti Padhao scheme, the component-wise distribution of expenditure for 2017-18 and the planned expenditure profile for 2018-19 and 2019-20 show that media campaigns at the national level account for 43% of expenditure, with 4% going to district campaigns. Politicians and bureaucrats struggle to retract huge commitments. ○ MGNREGA was initially limited to 200 drought-prone districts, and the 100-day employment guarantee would have provided vital input. ○ But either due to activist pressure or political attraction, it was expanded to all 600 districts quickly with unsatisfactory results, pushing reasonable and viable policy goals away. Problem of implementation: An insufficiently conceived policy lacks manpower and funds for implementation, especially at the grassroots level, while top-down programmes require substantial documentation. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 4 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated ○ As per MGNREGA requirements, the majority of states have not paid wages within 15 days. Workers also don't get paid for late wages. Inadequate professionalism of policy-makers and advisers. For example, three farm laws formulated without consulting the stakeholders and due to widespread protest, the government has to roll back these laws. Left to bureaucrats, policy-making results in flawed, unrealistic, and undesirable policies and without them owning up, it becomes political predation. ○ It creates problem of red tapism, corruption and operation inefficiencies. Measures needed to be taken For Better policy formulation  Decentralization of policy making process and separating policy-making from implementation  Improving the flow of information and feedback mechanism to guide policy making as demand driven.  Ensure participation of all stakeholders and civil society in policy making to reflect the inclusiveness and comprehensiveness in Policy  Strengthen the environment for Policy monitoring and assessment.  Collect real time empirical data  Building linkages among government agencies and academic institutions: inherent limitations of competence, lack of time and attention, while dealing with the sheer magnitude of bureaucratic procedures making executive and legislature confined their thinking. For better Implementation:  Developing a robust delivery mechanism that encourages active participation of individuals at the grassroots level.  Promoting convergence of schemes.  Emphasizing the importance of raising awareness among the public about details of various schemes enabling them to access benefits effectively.  Incorporating provisions for social auditing to ensure transparency and accountability in the implementation of policies and programs.  Establishing a strong institutional framework. Conclusion Clearly, if public arguments about enhancing service delivery remain misinformed about implementation issues, reforms may fail and potentially do more harm. Better public services are improbable without fundamental field administration reform based on profound awareness of the difficulties. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 5 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 2. Development Processes & the Development Industry 2. Development Processes & the Development Industry Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)  Human-centric Development, Demographic doldrums, Government as an Enabler, Fulcrum of the development, Cooperative based Economic Development, Sahakar-se-Samriddhi, From Mere Opportunity to Guarantee of The Future, “Government control gives rise to fraud, suppression of truth, intensification of the black market and artificial scarcity. Above all, it unmans the people and deprives them of initiative; it undoes the teaching of self-help.” Mahatma Gandhi Development processes and the development industry play a crucial role in governance, particularly in the context of public sector initiatives and policy implementation. Institutions Definition of development UNDP  The UNDP defines development as "the process of broadening people's choices and liberties and improving their well-being." World Bank  According to the World Bank, development is "the long-term, inclusive, and equitable process of improving people's well-being." Amartya Sen  It focuses on enabling individuals to have opportunities and freedoms to live a fulfilling life, beyond mere economic growth. Components of Development  Economic Dimension: GDP, per capita income, employment, poverty reduction, infrastructure development, and financial resources are indicators.  Social Dimension: Access to quality education, healthcare, nutrition, housing, social security, gender equality, social cohesion, and inequality reduction are indicators.  Human Development: It includes life expectancy, literacy, education, access to clean water and sanitation, basic services, and empowerment to participate in decision-making.  Environmental Dimension: It includes indicators such as environmental conservation, climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource management, and renewable energy promotion.  Governance and Institutions: This dimension emphasises governance, rule of law, transparency, accountability, public institution effectiveness, and democratic values and institutions.  Cultural Dimension: The cultural dimension recognises the importance of preserving and promoting cultural heritage, diversity, and identity.  Technological Dimension: It includes technological advancements, digital connectivity, innovation, access to ICTs, and digital literacy promotion. Challenges associated with development  Poverty and Inequality: As per the Oxfam report on inequality the top 10% of the Indian population holds 77% of the total national wealth. o 73% of the wealth generated in 2017 went to the richest 1%, while *670 million Indians who comprise the poorest half of the population saw only a 1% increase in their wealth. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 6 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Education and Skill Development: India has 4.7% of its workforce trained in formal skills, compared to 52% in the US, 80% in Japan, and 96% in South Korea, according to the 2015 National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.  Healthcare: In the Economic Survey of 2022, India's public expenditure on healthcare stood at 2.1% of GDP in 2021-22 against 1.8% in 2020-21 and 1.3% in 2019-20.  Infrastructure Development: Poor transportation, power, and urban amenities hinder economic growth and quality of life. o Upgrading rural and remote infrastructure requires significant investment and effective implementation.  Environmental Sustainability: India faces environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change. o Environmental Performance Index 2022 ranks India last among 180 countries. India ranked at the last position with an EPI score of 18.9.  Employment: India's demographic dividend offers opportunities and challenges. Creating enough non- agricultural jobs to absorb the growing workforce is the challenge. India had an employment rate of 46.3% in 2021. o The indicator recorded a growth of 5.2% in 2021 as compared to the previous year. o Between 2010-2021, the indicator decreased by 13.3%.  Agricultural Distress: Challenges such as low productivity, water scarcity, lack of access to credit and markets, and vulnerability to climate change impact farmers' well-being. o Ensuring sustainable agricultural practices, market reforms, and income security for farmers are critical.  Corruption: Effective governance and curbing corruption are important for successful development. o Challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, red tape, and corruption hinder the implementation and impact of development policies.  Social Issues: India grapples with various social issues, including gender inequality, caste-based discrimination, and social exclusion. Digital Divide: The 2022 Oxfam report on digital divides, based on CMIE data, reports a much wider gap with the richest 60 per cent being four times more likely to make a digital payment than the poorest 40 per cent. o Scheduled Tribe households in rural India use formal financial services least. Conclusion India’s development process is now guided by a goal of a $5 trillion GDP by 2024-25. Achieving it calls for setting in motion all the means of economic growth like investment, consumption, and exports across all three sectors agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Role of Social Capital Organizations  Social capital is a valuable asset that facilitates effective collaboration and the achievement of common goals within a group or organization. It is a key element in the functioning of a society, corporation, or non- profit organization, as it fosters trust, shared identity, shared norms and values, and mutual relationships. These aspects collectively contribute to what is often referred to as a civil society, where people can work together harmoniously and productively. Classification of social capital organizations in India 2nd ARC, based on the laws under which the civil society operate and the kind of activities they take up, classified them as: o Registered Societies formed for specific purposes o Charitable organisations and Trusts o Cooperatives o Bodies without having any formal organisational structure o Government promoted Third Sector organisations Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 7 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated o Local Stakeholders Groups, Microcredit and Thrift Enterprises, SHGs Student Government promoted Third Sector organisations o Professional Self-Regulatory Bodies Civil society and Development process Social capital has been a useful conceptual umbrella for networks, group memberships, civic and political participation, and subjective factors like trust in institutions and people. Tax exemptions for Voluntary organizations Social capital organisations, also known as non-profit  Voluntary organizations in India can organisations, are vital to India's growth and social well-being. Socially mission-driven organisations address social, economic, and apply for income tax exemptions environmental issues. Indian social capital organisations perform under Section 12A and Section 80G the following: of the Income Tax Act, 1961.  Social Services: They may provide healthcare, education,  Section 12A provides registration poverty alleviation, women's empowerment, child welfare, and for exemption from income tax for elderly or disabled support. Example NGO- Pratham, Savelife organizations engaged in charitable foundation etc., activities.  They address socioeconomic inequality: by improving access to quality services for underprivileged groups and distant  Section 80G allows donors to claim places with limited government resources. and service gaps. tax deductions for their  Influencing Policy: promote the rights and interests of various contributions to eligible socioeconomic groups. They impact policymaking and systemic organizations. change. Example Kisan organisations during the Anti farm law protest.  These organisations conduct research, policy analysis, and advocacy campaigns to promote social issues, policy improvements, and their implementation. o Example Birdlife India foundation, Savenarmada Movement, etc, o They monitor governments and institutions and promote inclusive and equitable policies.  Community Empowerment: They support community-led initiatives, capacity building, and social entrepreneurship.  Social Innovation: They discover growing social issues, devise novel ways, and test new solutions to challenging situations. Example India against corruption movement.  Resources and Philanthropy: Social capital organisations fundraise, grant write, and philanthropy. o They survive and grow on contributions, grants, CSR funds, and collaborations.  Emergency Relief: They mobilise resources, give immediate help, and aid recovery and rehabilitation following natural disasters, pandemics, and humanitarian crises. They help vulnerable populations recover from calamities. Indian social capital organisations range from huge national NGOs to community-based ones. They greatly advance social development, address social issues, and promote inclusive and sustainable progress. National Policy on the “Voluntary Sector” 2007 Meaning of Voluntary organisation: “Voluntary Organisations (VOs) mean to include organisations engaged in public service, based on ethical, cultural, social, economic, political, religious, spiritual, philanthropic or scientific and technological considerations. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 8 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated ○ For example, NGOs, SHGs, Societies, charitable institutions etc., Societies Charitable institutions  It's a group of people working towards a  It's a single-party entity where the second party philanthropic, literary, or scientific goal. holds the first party's assets for the third party.  Society registration is simple: 7 members must  The Trustee accepts the Trustor's proposal and sign the MoA (Memorandum of Association) and manages the Trustor's property for the third file it with the ROC (Registrar of Companies). party (beneficiary).  The Societies Registration Act, 1860, registers  The Trust Deed contains all the terms and societies. conditions of the Trust, which is Trust Property.  Registered by: the Registrar of Company.  Registered by the Registrar/Deputy Registrar of  Annually, the Society must submit the names, Societies of the concerned State or Charity addresses, and occupations of its Managing Commissioner. Committee members to the Registrar.  No need to give any disclosure. Self Help Groups  Self-Help Groups are an untapped powerhouse of women and other marginalised sections of society and highly potential vehicles to deliver social goods.  It is an informal homogeneous affinity group, with the objective of - Zero Poverty, Zero Unemployment and Sustainable development.  It can be defined as self-governed, peer-controlled with similar socio-economic backgrounds and having a desire to collectively perform a common purpose. Advantages of SHGs  Social integrity – SHGs encourage collective efforts for combating practises like dowry, alcoholism etc.  Gender Equity – SHGs empower women and inculcate leadership skills among them. Empowered women participate more actively in the Gram Sabha and elections.  Economic empowerment: Women get self-assurance to take part in decision-making processes both at the household and community levels. Ex. Kudumbashree in Kerala  Resource mobilisation: SHG initiatives can effectively mobilize underutilized and underused community resources.  Alternate source of income – SHGs reduce reliance on agriculture by assisting in the establishment of micro businesses. o For example, individualised businesses like grocers, tailors, and tool repair shops.  Role Model: Successful SHGs act as resource persons for different community developmental initiatives. o For Example – Lijjat Papad led to many establishments of many households’ industries.  Leadership: Active involvement in various SHG initiatives aids members in developing their leadership abilities. o Ex. Women SHG leaders are frequently selected as candidates for Panchayat Pradhan or as PRI representatives.  Pressure Groups – Enables women to highlight issues such as dowry, alcoholism, menstrual hygiene, and sanitation etc. and impact policy decisions. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 9 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Voice to marginalised section – Mostly marginalised communities are beneficiary of schemes and hence their participation through SHGs ensures social justice.  Financial Inclusion – The SHG-Bank linkage Programme pioneered by NABARD has eased credit access and reduced the dependence on traditional money lenders.  Check corrupt practices: Improving the efficiency of government schemes and reducing corruption through social audits.  Changes in Consumption Pattern – It has enabled the participating households to spend more on education, food, and health than non-client households.  Impact on Housing & Health – Housing and health effects through better nutrition, housing, and health— especially for women and children get improved.  Banking literacy – It encourages and motivates its members to save and act as a conduit for formal banking services to reach them. Challenges of SHGs Challenges can be classified into three categories, such as-  Sociocultural challenge – Ex. Class differences within SHGs, lacking homogeneous nature in SHGs, Creation of hierarchy etc.  Policy Related challenge: Ex. Lack of Financial inclusion, training issues etc  Institutional challenge: Ex. No Policy for movability from Nano to Micro and Micro to Small industries; No national policy on SHGs Other challenges are, as -  e-Market Access: The goods produced by SHGs do not have access to the e-marketplace. It reduces the chances scaling of the business.  Issues of Skilling, Reskilling, and Upskilling: lack of proficiency in using new technologies and limited awareness of SHGs results in issues of skill set.  Lack of Training Facility: The SHG members are not provided with training in the areas of product selection, product quality, production methods, managerial skills, packing.  Agricultural Activities: Most SHGs farm. Rural SHGs need innovative equipment and access to non-agricultural businesses.  Issues with Raw Materials: SHG buys raw materials in smaller quantities, so they don't get discounts, credit, etc.  Lack of Professionalism: The wages of the members and living conditions also do not get better. This also leads to errors in accounting and mismanagement.  Devoid of Modern Technology: Most of the SHGs work with rudimentary or no technology.  Poor Financial Management: Generally, returns from the enterprises are diverted for other purposes like marriage, construction of a house etc. and hence debt trap continues.  Credit Mobilization: About 48% of the members must borrow from local money lenders, relatives due to unavailability of adequate loans from groups.  Exploitation by dominant groups: Strong members try to earn a lion’s share of the profit of the group, by exploiting the ignorance and illiterate members. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 10 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Dependency: Many SHGs rely on promoter organizations to survive. The SHGs are vulnerable to failure if these agencies stop providing support. Way Forward  Facilitator and Promoter role: The Government should play the role of facilitator and promoter with the objective to create a supportive environment for this movement. For Example- o Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme of NABARD to connect the informal banking sector with the organised sector (as per SK Kalia Committee). o GOI has included SHG as a priority sector which bring ease in lending o Permitted to run Grain banks to secure food security. o Mahila Kisan Shashaktikaran Pariyojana to promote agro-ecological practices  Priority on Women’s literacy: The literacy levels of rural women are low and hence efforts to enhance literacy levels in the area should be given priority.  Legislative Empowerment: The government could make SHGs statutory bodies and allow them to work with the local bodies to channel women’s development programmes.  Support for Exports: The government should raise awareness of world trade's sanitary and phytosanitary issues to encourage group members' exports. o Ex. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) to facilitate credit support to poor women  Financial management training: Training programmes relating to the management of finances, maintaining accounts, production and marketing activities etc. should be given. o Ex. Priyadarshini scheme for women’s empowerment and livelihood enhancement through SHGs.  Provide gender sensitization training to bank staff so that they are sensitized to the needs of rural clients, especially women. o Ex. DAY-NRLM) to alleviate rural poverty by building sustainable community institutions for the poor.  Expansion of SHGs: The SHG movement needs to be extended to urban and peri-urban areas. State Governments, NABARD and commercial Banks should join to prepare a directory of activities and financial products relevant to such areas.  e- Market space availability: NGOs may help SHG in identifying new marketing areas and methods of distribution of products manufactured or marketed by SHGs. Conclusion:  The government should create an environment that is favourable for the expansion and development of the SHG movement. It ought to serve as a promoter and a facilitator. NGOs  A non-governmental organisation (NGO) is an organisation that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. Usually set up by ordinary citizens.  NGO activities include, but are not limited to, environmental, social, advocacy, and human rights work.  They can work to promote social or political change on a broad scale or very locally. NGOs play a critical role in developing society, improving communities, and promoting citizen participation. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 11 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Evolution of NGOs in India & Recommendation of Committee 2019: FCRA (Amendment) 1999: Foreign Act - 2019 Exchange Management 1976: FCRA Regulation (FEMA) Act -1999 1951: Five year Act- followed by 2010 Plan recognised Amendment 1871: First trace necessity of of NGO NGOs movement- "Bhil Seva Mandal" Recommendation of Committees for the Role of NGOs Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020  Prohibition to accept foreign contributions: Public servants are not permitted to accept foreign contributions.  Transfer of foreign contribution: It prohibits the transfer of foreign contributions to anyone who is not registered to accept this.  Aadhaar for registration: All office holders must have an Aadhaar number.  FCRA account: The foreign contributions must be received only in an account designated by the bank as an FCRA account in branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi.  Reduction in use of foreign contributions for administrative purposes: The Act suggests that a maximum of 20% of the total amount of foreign contributions received may be used to cover administrative costs. (FCRA 2010 up to 50%).  Surrender of certificate: The central government may ask a person to give up their registration certificate. Issues with the FCRA 2020  Financial Inconvenience: Mandatory to open an account at the SBI, New Delhi, is arbitrary and violates the right to equality. It is also inconvenient for NGOS working elsewhere.  Cripples in NGO Functioning: o Tight restrictions and the ban on the transfer of funds have rendered NGOs ineffective. As a result, recipients are unable to provide funding for other organizations o The blanket ban on the transfer of foreign contributions affects the smaller grassroots organisations that may not meet the criteria to get access to grants from foreign countries. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 12 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated o The 20% administrative expense cap also makes it difficult for NGOs to hire staff and pay for administrative costs.  Double Standards: On one hand the government invites foreign funds, but when such funds come for educational and charitable purposes, it is prevented.  Open the doors for Bureaucratic harassment: Introducing dubious amounts of micromanagement can bring official interference and harassment in the sector.  Tool for Targeting: The legislation may be used to target political opponents and religious minorities.  Affects Fundamental Rights: The restrictions also have serious consequences on both the rights to free speech and freedom of association under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c) of the Constitution. The Supreme Court’s observation  The SC has upheld the Constitutional validity of the FCRA amendment and provided a stringent regime for effectively regulating the inflow and utilisation of foreign contributions. Highlights of the Judgement  Medicine vs Intoxicant Metaphor: Foreign Contributions serve as medicine so long as it is consumed moderately and discreetly. o However, the free and uncontrolled flow of foreign contributions can act as an intoxicant that could impact the sovereignty and integrity of the nation.  Imposing Political Ideology: The SC underlined that foreign contributions may tend to influence or impose a political ideology.  Global Precedents: Receiving foreign donations cannot be an absolute or even a vested right. o There is possibility of the national polity being influenced by foreign contribution is globally recognised. Interconnected Relations of NGOs with Citizens and States Role of NGOs  Evaluation and Monitoring - Acting as an independent "auditor" or "watchdog" of corporate and governmental accountability and transparency.  Service delivery - The operational delivery of vital aid, development projects and social services. o For Example – Emergency health services were provided by the Red Cross Society during Russia – Ukraine war. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 13 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Capacity Building – Providing education, training, and information. For example, works of Pratham NGO in the education sector.  Role in Participative Governance: Many civil society initiatives have contributed to some of the path- breaking laws in the country. o For instance - Environmental Protection Act-1986, Right to Education Act-2009, FRA-2006 and RTI Act-2005.  Social awareness: NGOs act as catalysts and create awareness among people who have deep-rooted thoughts about superstition, gender, creed, and religious discrimination. o For Example: Jan Sahas – focussed on awareness and community empowerment to end manual scavenging  Bridging The Gap: NGOs endeavour to plug gaps in the government’s programmes and reach out to sections of people often left untouched by state projects. o For example, providing aid to migrant workers in the Covid-19 crisis, Reaching out to people for vaccine awareness etc.  Role of an Enabler: Community-level outfits and self-help groups are critical for bringing any change to the ground. o For Example, NGOs and research agencies provide financial aid to grassroots institutions.  Acting as a Pressure Group: There are political NGOs that mobilise public opinion against the government’s policies and actions and fix accountability on the performance of grassroots government functionaries. Challenges for NGOs  Lack of Performing NGOs: Only about 1.5% of NGOs are thought to work on developing countries.  Political Activism: Many NGOs have actively participated in political campaigns, sometimes acting as proxies for political parties. They also get funds from foreign institutions for the same.  Obnoxious agenda: Despite claiming to be involved in social empowerment or human rights initiatives, these organizations are allegedly sides for separatist groups  Asymmetry of power: Some NGOs have acquired the capacity of multinational companies because of large-scale offshore funding. On the other hand, several NGOs lack even operational funding.  Siphoning of funds: NGOs are becoming safe havens to channel black money and tax evasion. Such NGOs are causing loss to the exchequer by helping others to evade taxes.  Lack of Strategic planning: This makes it difficult for them to carry out their goals and activities successfully. As a result, they are unable to solicit and utilize financial support successfully.  Ineffective Governance and Networking: It is all too common for NGOs to lack effective governance. A founder might be overly preoccupied with running the NGO for their own gain.  lack of youth volunteerism and social work: Due to less alluring pay scales and career opportunities, even parents discourage their kids from participating in social activities.  Localisation in urban areas: Most of the NGOs are Centralised in metropolitan and urban areas. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 14 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Issues emanating from NGOs Recommendation to improve the working of NGOs  Building Capacity: NGOs can easily train staff members and develop the organizational capabilities needed to handle challenges in the future.  Real-time advice from experts: It is extremely valuable to have access to advice and direction whenever needed during a project or to improve NGO operations. o Access to qualified experts will boost donor confidence and help the project succeed.  Technology and communication: All NGOs should use the Internet, email, a website, and the appropriate social media platforms.  Financial complaints: Timely submission of annual income and expense reports will enhance NGOs' perception of the governance of NGOs.  Democratic leadership: NGOs face many obstacles on their way to success. By rotating leadership among its members, such issues can be successfully overcome.  Declaring foreign funding: In the era of Globalisation, keeping track of NGO’s foreign funding will ensure that they operate transparently and deter unlawful conduct.  Instill the Value of Volunteerism: NSS and NCC should encourage students to get involved in volunteer work from an early age. o For young graduates who are interested in volunteering, universities, colleges, and schools must work with NGOs and hold campus interviews. Way Forwards  Reforms in Accreditation: Dynamic and diversified National Accreditation Council consisting of academicians, activists, and retired bureaucrats to be established so that compliance of NGOs could be ensured.  Better Coordination: There should be better coordination between the Ministries of Home Affairs and Finance in terms of monitoring and regulating illicit and unaccounted funds.  Regulatory mechanism: Financial activities of NGOs are to be regulated by a Regulatory mechanism to eliminate corrupt practices.  Participation of Common People: It will democratise the functioning of NGOs and help to improve capability. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 15 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Increased Role in Rural Areas: In India, rural areas are home to 65% of the population. Therefore, NGOs must work in rural areas more extensively for improving their quality of life. Conclusion  The work done by NGOs significantly aids in nations building. NGOs have the potential to affect millions more lives through their work because the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Act requires large corporations to spend 2% of their revenue on social issues. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 16 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Co-operatives  Meaning: A co-operative is an autonomous group of people who have come together voluntarily to achieve their common economic, social, and cultural needs and objectives through a democratically governed and collectively owned business. o The Ministry of Cooperation reports 8.5 lakh Indian cooperatives with 1.3 crore members.  Principles of cooperatives: Cooperatives are founded on self-reliance, accountability, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity.  According to Gandhiji, Co-operation was required for the formation of a socialist society and total decentralisation of power. As he believed, Co-operation was one of the most crucial ways to empower people. Co-operative Movement in Post-Independence Era Importance of Cooperatives  Provides agricultural credits and funds to farmers, traders etc. Ex. Sahkari banks of different states.  Women Empowerment, Ex. Shree Mahila Gruha Udyog (Lijjat Papad).  Creating decent jobs Ex. Amul, Nandani, Provided more than half million jobs in Kenya  Provides strategic inputs for the agricultural sector, Ex. IFFCO, KRIBHCO  Wish to solve the problems of needy collectively Ex. Cooperative housing society  Reduces class conflicts and social cleavages  Check bureaucratic evils and follies of political factions  Fosters the growth of small and cottage industries EX. TRIFED, Indian Coffee House  Consumer societies meet their consumption requirements at concessional rates. Ex. National Cooperative Development Corporation  International cooperation, Ex. Ugandan Cooperative College, which provides training in cooperative management and governance. Challenges  Mismanagement: If some secure methods are not used to manage such cooperatives, a massively large membership turns out to be mismanaged. o For Example- Recently failed Urban cooperative banks like Punjab and Maharashtra cooperative bank.  Manipulation: During voting for the governing bodies, money is used and mostly the richest farmers won the top positions of chairman and vice-chairman etc. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 17 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Lack of Knowledge: People are not well informed about the goals of the policies governing cooperative institutions.  Limited Coverage: The majority of these societies have only a small number of members, and they only operate in one or two villages.  Functional Weakness: The lack of adequately trained personnel has been detrimental to the Co-operative Movement.  Interference by the government: The administration has adopted a patronising tone toward the cooperative movement.  Flaws in operation o They have been unable to progress along healthy lines due to this deficiency. o Cooperative have failed to develop effective communication and public relations strategies that promote the concept of collaboration among the general population. Way Forward  Training: o Cooperatives should take up the task of training farmers in the right use of inputs such as fertilisers, Pesticides, Water etc. and help them understand new technologies in farming. o Take an active part in skilling rural youth. o It must also extend support to children in academic and professional institutions, and to those who want to form cooperatives, but who are not aware of the various modalities, and requirements.  More inclusive: Increased participation of women in the cooperative movement.  Checks & Balances to be updated regularly: There are irregularities in cooperatives and to check them there must be rules and stricter implementation.  Use of technology: o To have a transparent, accountable, and efficient system, cooperatives should make effective use of digital technology, especially in governance, banking, and business. o Cooperative societies can contribute to making people familiar with new-age technologies. Conclusion  The cooperative movement's guiding principle is to unite people while maintaining anonymity.  The movement has the power to provide solutions to people's issues. Cooperatives do have irregularities, though, and to prevent them, rules and stricter enforcement are needed.  Furthermore, market connections for agricultural farmers and cooperative societies are necessary to strengthen cooperatives. The Multi-State Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Bill, 2022  The Bill seeks to amend the Act to align its provisions as per Part IXB of the Constitution and address concerns with the functioning and governance of co-operative societies.  Provision of the Bill – Features Multi-State Co-operative Multi-State Co-operative Societies Societies Act, 2002 (Amendment) Bill, 2022 Election of the Elections to the board are Co-operative Election Authority to be Board members conducted by its existing board established by the Central government to conduct elections and other functions Amalgamation of By passing a resolution with at State co-operative societies to merge into an co-operative least two-thirds of the members, existing multi-state co-operative society, subject societies present and voting to the respective state laws. Fund for sick co- No Provision It establishes the Co-operative Rehabilitation, Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 18 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated operative Reconstruction, and Development Fund for the societies revival of sick multi-state co-operative societies. Restriction on Shares of government authorities It stipulates that the central and state redemption of can be redeemed based on the governments cannot redeem any shares without government bye-laws of the society. their prior consent. shareholding Redressal of No Provision The central government will appoint one or complaints more cooperative ombudsmen with territorial jurisdiction. Issues and Challenges  Reviving sick co-operative societies may burden profitable societies as the bill is effectively imposing a cost on well-functioning co-operatives to bail out poorly functioning ones.  Restricting redemption of government shareholding may be against co-operative principles.  The Report of the High-Powered Committee on Co-operatives (2009) had recommended against government participation in the share capital of co-operatives since it leads to government control, which could be detrimental to the autonomy of co-operatives. Conclusion Over 1500 multi-State co-operative societies in India help their members economically and socially. The amendment proposes the Cooperative Election Authority, Cooperative Information Officer, and Cooperative Ombudsman to make multi-State Cooperative societies more democratic, open, and responsible. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 19 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 3. Governance and Good-Governance 3. Governance and Good-Governance Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)  Reform, Transform and Perform, Adhocism by government and judiciary, Balanced approach, Political Savvy, Evidence based interventions, Culture of doing-little, Voices from the ground, Collective code of conduct, 3P (Pro-poor public) welfare, Departmentalism, Governance of skew to governance of saturation, Soft-touch approach/principle, Decisive government, Minimalistic power, Swarajya” (self-rule) and “surajya” (good governance) Kautilya emphasised the qualities of a well-governed monarch in his book Arthashastra, writing: "in the happiness of his subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare, whatever pleases himself, he does not consider as good, but whatever pleases his subjects he considers as good." Introduction Former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan said "good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development". Therefore, knowing about the meaning of governance has become important in studying development. Governance is characterized mainly by transparency, accountability, participation, the rule of law and efficiency. Government and Governance  A government is a body of people in charge of a nation's administration. At any one time, the State is governed and controlled by the body of representatives. o The organised group of people who control a nation's administration is known as the government. o Although there are many different types of government, including democracy and autocracy, they all have the same function.  Governance is the process of ruling or governing. Stakeholders in Governance o It is the collection of regulations and laws created by the government and to be carried out by State officials. Origin of concept of Governance:  Governance has been used since the fourteenth century. It first appeared in France. It meant "seat of government."  It comes from the Greek term 'Kybernan,' which means "to steer and pilot or be at the helm of things." o Harland Cleveland (1972) coined the phrase "governance." Meaning of Governance:  The World Bank defines governance as all means of exercising power over the distribution of resources. o Thus, governance challenges are strongly related to the procedures and systems by which people obtain resources.  UNDP (1997) has viewed governance as “the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs at all levels. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 20 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated o It emphasises the transparency, accountability, integrity, and validity of the institutions, laws, practises, and values that underpin society's functioning.  Prof. Kuldeep Mathur opines in his book, From Government to Governance, that governance is concerned with changes taking place in the organisation of the state, and with changes in its relationship with the private sector and civil society actors. Forms of Governance:  Political: Along with civil society, NGOs, and the commercial sector, the state is an actor in the governance process. o The importance of new strategies based on informal influence, facilitating, and regulation has expanded. o The government is now the "enabler" rather than the "doer."  Economic: Economic governance involves removing market distortions, creating service standards, maintaining fair competition and a level playing field, and preserving important stakeholders' interests. o The neoliberal political/economic system of the 1980s and 1990s shattered the notion of the state as a direct service provider in part. o For example: The introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code helped improve ‘ease of doing business in India.  Social: Governance in this context means developing, strengthening, and sustaining collaborative and participative procedures, networking, coordination and capacity building. o For example: The Government has launched social sector schemes like Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Mid- Day Meal (MDM) scheme.  Environmental: Environmental governance refers to the processes of decision-making involved in the control and management of the environment and natural resources. o It views natural resources and the environment as global public goods, belonging to the category of goods that are not diminished when they are shared. o For example: Declaration of Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) and Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) by the Government. Measure of Governance The World Bank Group's Worldwide Governance Indicators reports on six dimensions of governance. These are: (a) The process by which governments are selected, monitored, and replaced: 1. Voice and Accountability (VA): capturing perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media. 2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism (PV): capturing perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. (b) The capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies: Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 21 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 3. Government Effectiveness (GE): capturing perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. 4. Regulatory Quality (RQ): capturing perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. (c) The respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them: 5. Rule of Law (RL): capturing perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. 6. Control of Corruption (CC): capturing perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests. Role of governance in development:  The Asian Development Bank noted that inadequate governance slows and distorts development and disproportionately affects the poor and vulnerable.  Governance is critically linked to reduction of corruption and ensuring rule-bound behaviour by all institutions associated with governance. o For example: Disbursement of welfare benefits directly to the citizens under various schemes of the Government in a transparent manner through the Direct Benefit Transfer initiative and the introduction of Government procurement through the Government e- Marketplace (GeM). Concept of Good Governance:  Good governance is felt rather than defined. o Good governance requires efficient legislative, executive, judiciary, private institutions, NGOs, and public cooperation.  The 1992 World Bank study "Governance and Development" defined good governance as "the way power is exercised in the development management of a country's economic and social resources." The Need for Good Governance  It provides vision and effective leadership.  promotes a transparent work culture, and provides a corruption free mode of delivery of services.  It strengthens the accountability mechanism.  Reduces human interference in service delivery and, thus, eliminates human bias in the delivery of services.  Good governance allows all citizens to reach their greatest potential regardless of class, caste, or gender. Components of Good Governance:  Consensus oriented: Powers to the gram sabha on various matters under the PESA Act of 1996 and the Forest Rights act-2006.  Participatory: For example, in India, it is achieved through decentralisation of power as per the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts.  Equity and inclusiveness: A society's well-being hinges on making sure everyone feels like they belong. o To achieve this, the constitution is having provisions for affirmative action (Article 15 and 16), which prohibits discrimination and give reservations to a few vulnerable sections of society. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 22 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Effectiveness and efficiency: good governance implies processes and institutions that meet social needs while using resources efficiently. o For example, the government came up with the LiFE mission to encourage youth to promote energy and resource efficiency.  Accountability: There are various mechanism like office of Lokpal and Lokayukta, office of CVC and RTI Act etc.  Responsiveness: Organisations must serve all stakeholders within a fair timeline for good governance. o For example, government is implemented the Ease of Doing policy, single window clearance system and citizen charters to deliver the services in a time bound manner. o Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) portal is formed to give time bound delivery of services.  Rule of law: Good governance requires unbiased legal systems. It demands thorough protection of human rights, especially minorities. o Government came of Fugitive offenders act and Insolvency and bankruptcy code to enforce the rule of law in financial and banking sectors of India.  Transparent: Section 4(1)(b) of the RTI Act lays down the information which should be disclosed by Public Authorities on a suo motu or proactive basis. Issues with India in achieving Good Governance:  Criminalization of politics: Nearly 50% of MPs in the new Lok Sabha have criminal records.  Ineffective decentralisation of powers: Local Governments in India are facing issues like lack of staff, insufficient funding and delayed elections.  Obsolete rules and laws: Over 2,000 obsolete rules and laws were scrapped in last 9 years. Many more obsolete laws are still operational. Apart from these issues, in its 12th report, "CITIZEN CENTRIC ADMINISTRATION: The Heart of Governance," the 2nd ARC lists these governance hurdles:  Lack of Accountability and Red Tapism.  The Civil Service and administration are becoming rigid, inflexible, self-perpetuating, and inward-looking. o Thus, their indifference and insensitivity to citizens' concerns and the tremendous power disparity at all levels have worsened the issue.  Ineffectiveness of Panchayati raj institutions and Urban local bodies in public service delivery.  Parochial electoral reforms.  Low levels of Awareness of the Rights and Duties of Citizens.  Complicated judicial system and bureaucratic structure.  Inefficient institutions: Modern issues require stronger legal and regulatory frameworks. ○ CBI, ED, CVC, and other public agencies fail to deliver. Inefficiency hinders government. Initiatives for Good Governance in India:  73rd and 74th constitutional amendments acts aimed at democratic decentralization, Right to Information Act, 2005, Citizen's Charter, Social Audit, E-Governance, Use of ICT tools, Aspirational district program to eliminate regional disparities, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, Consolidation of labour Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 23 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated laws, Sevottam Model of service delivery, Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS). Conclusion  In a time when India is developing and prospering, our national plan must prioritise Gandhian "Antodaya" to re-establish decent governance. When nation/state machinery is more efficient and accountable, citizens can enjoy a better per capita income, widespread literacy, adequate health facilities, and a longer average life. Sports Governance in India Recent context: The Supreme Court (SC) is investigating women wrestlers' sexual harassment claims against Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) President, raising worries about Indian sports governance. Current status of Sports governance in India Two organisations govern Indian sports: 1. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS): The MYAS administers several government agencies, including the Sports Authority of India (SAI), which provides athletes and coaches with infrastructure, training, and funding. 2. Indian Olympic Association (IOA): The autonomous IOA represents India in the International Olympic Committee and other international sports federations. It also hosts national sports competitions. Issues with the current Sports governance of India  National Sports Federations (NSFs) lack autonomy and responsibility: NSFs are organisations that regulate and develop several sports in India. o They are associated with the IOA, which is the governing organisation for Olympic sports in the country.  NSFs are expected to be autonomous and democratic organisations that adhere to good governance concepts such as openness, participation, and justice. o However, many NSFs are plagued by nepotism, favouritism, and political and bureaucratic intervention. o In July 2010, the Central Vigilance Commission reported violations in 14 Commonwealth Games projects in India.  Some NSFs have been led for decades by the same person or family, with no elections or term limits.  Some NSFs have also been accused of misappropriating funds, breaking rules, and discriminating against athletes for a variety of reasons. o The Delhi Police detained three cricketers for spot-fixing and betting in the 2013 Indian Premier League.  Coordination and collaboration among various parties are lacking: The MYAS, the SAI, the IOA, the NSFs, state governments, the commercial sector, and civil society are all active in sports development and management in India. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 24 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Cooling off period for the sportsmen: The BCCI, in its recent amendment in constitution, has sought the abolition of a cooling-off period for its office bearers. Way ahead  India needs strong sports legislation that covers all aspects of sports and gives no authority arbitrator powers. o The Sports Development Bill, 2011 and Sports Development Code, 2011 attempted to make the National Olympic Committee (NOC) responsible for two-year National Games and four-year fair and transparent elections.  The retirement age for office bearers should be 70 years, and at least 25% of the Board Members shall be eminent athletes.  The National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) needed to be revamped. o National Anti-Doping Act 2022 was enacted to ensure highest standards of integrity while participating and preparing for sports competitions, domestically and internationally. o The Act creates a National Board for Anti-Doping in Sports and a legal framework for the National Anti-Doping Agency, the National Dope Testing Laboratory, and other dope testing labs. o Punishment: Anti-doping violations can lead to disqualification, forfeiture of medals, points, and prizes, ineligibility to compete for a period, and financial penalties.  Cooling off period for the sportsmen should be mandatory.  Representation and protection of Women: We can adopt the model of World Athletics which pledged to have 40% female representation in its Council, the all-powerful decision-making body, and a woman vice president this year in a significant step towards gender equity in the sport. o Similarly, The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 should be applicable in the case of sports.  Other reforms needed such as, Bottom-Up Reforms, Creating Sports Awareness, Empowering Athletes and autonomy and auditing of sports federations on regular basis. Conclusion: Sports have a big role in national pride and psychology; hence the state must be involved in sports governance. It must be delicate to avoid violating the Olympic charter. To create a national sports culture, the primary education system must be reformed. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 25 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated 4. E-Governance 4. E-Governance Keywords from Aaj Ka Quality Enrichment (http://bit.ly/aaj-ka-enrichment)  Digital inclusion, ‘Technocratic’ government/bureaucracy, Digital Divide, Information Bubble, Digital Footprints, Data as Public Good, Data Democratization, technology-driven audit and inspection paperless, green offices Introduction: E-Governance, according to the 2nd Administrative Reform Commission (ARC) Report, is primarily related to carrying out governance tasks and achieving governance outcomes through the use of what is today known as ICT (information and communication technology). Need for e-Governance  Effective adoption of E-Governance initiatives may result in less corruption, improved accountability, greater convenience, revenue gains, and/or cost savings.  The goal of implementing e-governance is to improve performance and assure proper service delivery.  This will be accomplished through the use of five "SMART" e-governance characteristics. Factors Pushing India towards e-Governance:  Rising numbers of mobile phone users and data consumption: According to a Nokia report, average data consumption per user in India reached 19.5GB per user a month in 2022.  Due to the rising availability and falling cost of high-speed broadband and smartphones, India likely to have 900 million active internet users by 2025.  Success of Digital India mission and eKranti: To help millions connect online, the Digital India programme is providing broadband internet to 250,000 gram panchayats.  Rising eCommerce and digital economy: India is poised for the next phase of growth, creating tremendous economic value and empowering citizens as new digital applications permeate sector after sector. o India's digital economy might generate $1 trillion in 2025.  JAM trinity: 1.21 billion Indians enlisted in the government's biometric digital identity initiative. o Jan Dhan Yojana and other government initiatives have enabled banking, pension (PMSBY and PMJJBY), and insurance (Atal Pension Yojana) services for average folks, digitally empowering them. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 26 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated Significance of e-Governance:  Improved service delivery: The new India has pioneered e- government, using ICT for elections, census, computerising government offices, digi lockers, e-transportation, e-health, e- education, and e-taxation. o Through MC21 data, corporates and other stakeholders will have convenient and secure online access to all registry- related services provided by the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs.  Improve industry-business interaction: E-governance accelerates Four Pillars of e-governance industrial growth processes.  De-bureaucratization: E-governance narrows the distance between the people and the government in all services and reduces the people's dependence on the bureaucracy.  Reducing corruption: E-governance tracked government activity online, eliminating corruption. o Linking AADHAR with MGNREGA daily wage payments helped to eliminate bogus beneficiaries and reducing corruption.  Hierarchy Elimination: ICT involved all levels in decision-making.  Plug leakages: The e-governance ecosystem has helped the union government to plug about $27 billion in leakage by digitally transferring money via DBT.  Automation in Administrative Processes: To eliminate the Great Indian Red Tape, Saharsa became Bihar's first paperless (e-office) district. Challenges with e-Governance:  Trust deficit: Any entity may commit financial, value, or personal information fraud. Departmental data is sometimes overlooked in government offices.  Digital divide: According to the India Inequality Report 2022: Digital Divide by Oxfam, the richest 60 per cent Indians are four times more likely to use digital payment facilities than the poorest 40 per cent.  Adoption Cost: India spends 3% of GDP on the implementation of e-governance initiatives. The government should encourage officials, administrators, and citizens to use e-governance services by using public funds wisely.  Privacy and Security and infrastructure related issues. o Hackers released all CoWIN data on Telegram. o Screenshots of the data contained names, mobile numbers, Aadhaar card details, PAN card credentials, date of birth, and vaccination centre information. Some passport details were leaked. Barriers in adoption of e-Governance in India:  Accessibility: According to the India Inequality Report 2022: Digital Divide by Oxfam, access to the internet through any kind of device was found to be far better in urban India at 44 percent than in rural areas at 17 percent.  Usability: Only 38 percent of households in the country are digitally literate.  Use of local languages: Between mother tongue, second and third language, the 2011 census records that over 10% of Indians reported being able to speak some English. o To improve e-services, the government should translate this language into regional languages.  E-governance awareness: Due to illiteracy, rural internet access, lack of intent to use internet services, etc., many people in the country are unaware of it. o Thus, informed citizens, concerned institutions, and departments should help rural populations use e-services. o For this government came with the national e-governance policy (NeGP).  E-governance operations and service upkeep cost the government a lot. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved 27 MK YADAV SIR’s: MAINS BOOSTER SERIES Current + Static Integrated  Government models must be reusable. E-governance is a nationwide plan with software and modules for other administrations.  Maintainability: Because the IT ministry develops new software to meet citizen wants. Thus, government introduced new schemes like digital India.  Portability: For administration reuse, portable applications must be independent of hardware and software platforms.  E-governance interoperability: Ministry-department cooperation hampers data processing and exchange.  E-governance challenges include web-based data collection and format.  Security: E-governance services like insurance, banking, and utility bill payments have security concerns. o Cases related to online frauds have come down by about 17.5 per cent in 2022 to ₹128 crore. But the number is still very high.  Privacy: Government should protect citizen data. Steps needed to strengthen the e-Governance architecture of India:  Greater Digital Infrastructure and Connectivity.  Improve government-citizen dialogue.  Services on Demand: With a bottom-up approach to planning using separate urban-rural socio-economic databases, government ministries must identify, evaluate, formulate, implement, and correct data-driven policies to meet population needs as soon as possible.  Focus on Local E-governance: local governments are closest to residents and serve as many people's main point of contact with government.  Deployment of Intermediaries: E-Governance is designed to maximise citizen happiness by increasing public service delivery and citizen participation in governance procedures.  India's multilingual population benefits from e-government in regional languages.  Understanding E-readiness: India's states are at varying levels of e-readiness, therefore e-Governance reforms must take this into account. Models of e-governance:  Broadcasting Model: The model is based on dissemination; broadcasting of useful Governance information and it will also provide people with correct information.  Critical Flow Model: The model is based on disseminating, channeling information of critical value to the targeted audience or into the wider public domain.  Comparative Analysis Model: The model continuously assimilates best practices in the area of governance and use them as bench mark to evaluates other governance practices.  The e-advocacy Model: This model helps the global civil society to impact on global decision-making process. Published by: www.theiashub.com I Contact: Delhi: 9560082909, Bengaluru: 9900540262, Bhopal/Indore: 9650708779, Chandigarh: 8800019591 theIAShub © 2023 | All Rights Reserved

MK YADAV Sir's UPSC CSE MAINS 2023/24 Booster Series PDF

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