Building Blocks Cells Part 1 Organelles Part 1 PDF

Introduction to Medical Sciences 1. Building Blocks Cells Part 1 Organelles Part 1 Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. Building Blocks of Life of Cells Dr Ricardo Carnicer Hijazo 2024 Version 3 Ricardo.CarnicerHijazo@b...

Introduction to Medical Sciences 1. Building Blocks Cells Part 1 Organelles Part 1 Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. Building Blocks of Life of Cells Dr Ricardo Carnicer Hijazo 2024 Version 3 Ricardo.CarnicerHijazo@brunel. ac.uk Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 2 Cell structure Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Image of an eukaryotic cell. From Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 3 Cell structure Cell membrane Nucleus Membrane Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Cytoplasm Image of an eukaryotic cell. From Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 4  Smooth Cell structure endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Cell membrane Lysosome Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Centrosome Rough Ribosome endoplasmic reticulum Peroxisome Image of an eukaryotic cell. From Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 5 Nucleus Image of an eukaryotic cell. From Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 6  Nucleus structure Nuclear Envelope Double membrane that separates the content of the nucleus from the contents of the cytoplasm. Nucleolus Synthesis of ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (rRNA) Endoplasmic Image of the nucleus modified from Randy Moore, Botany visual resource library Reticulum Nuclear Pores Holes in the nuclear envelope that control transport in and out of the nucleus Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 7 Main Functions 1. Duplicate DNA before cell division (DNA → DNA) 2. Synthesis of RNA (DNA → RNA) DNA RNA Protein 2 Image from Servier Medical Art 1 Nucleus Cytoplasm Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 8 Ribosomes Image of an eukaryotic cell. From Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 9  Ribosomes Structure Large molecule complexes of RNA and proteins formed by two subunits.. 60S Image of the ribosomic RNA in the eukaryotic ribosomes from Image of a 40S https://schoolbag.info ribosome from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 10 Ribosomes Main function: Synthesis of proteins Free Ribosomes: 60S Synthesis of proteins in the cytosol (cytosolic, 40S mitochondrial and peroxisomal proteins) Image of a ribosome from Servier Medical Art Membrane bound- Ribosomes: Associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (proteins targeted to the cell membrane, lysosomes or secreted) Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 11 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Image of an eukaryotic cell from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 12 Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Rough ER The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of closed, flattened membrane-bound sacs, extending from the Ribosomes nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm. Images of the (Not present in red blood cells or sperm!) endoplasmic reticulum from Servier Medical Art Smooth ER Two types of endoplasmic reticulum: - Rough ER - Smooth ER Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. 13 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Ribosomes Smooth ER Synthesis and folding of proteins: Synthesis of lipids Cell membrane, lysosome and excretion Detoxification (liver) Protein modification Storage of calcium in muscle cells (Sarcoplasmic reticulum) e.g. Glycosylation 14 Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Ribosomes Smooth ER Synthesis and folding of proteins: Synthesis of Lipids Cell membrane, lysosome and excretion Detoxification (liver) Protein modification Storage of calcium in muscle cells (Sarcoplasmic reticulum) e.g. Glycosylation Proteins and lipids are transported to Golgi in vesicles 15 Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved. Clinical relevance Age-related diseases are commonly associated with the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Most evident is the accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons in progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 16 Golgi apparatus Image of an eukaryotic cell from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 17 Golgi Apparatus Structure Trans The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened membrane vesicles. Cis Cis side facing the endoplasmic reticulum. RER Trans side facing the cell membrane. Image of the Golgi apparatus from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 18 Golgi Apparatus Main functions Trans Cis- Golgi participates in protein and lipid modification ▪ Glycosylation, phosphorylation Cis RER Image of the Golgi Trans- Golgi controls the distribution apparatus from Servier Medical Art of proteins and lipids in small membrane-bound vesicles ▪ Lysosome, cell membrane and excretion. Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 19 Clinical relevance Structural and functional changes of the Golgi apparatus are associated with several diseases (e.g. cancer and cardiovascular neurodegenerative diseases). Disease triggered by mutations in genes that are involved in membrane/ vesicle trafficking. # Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved Lysosomes Image of an eukaryotic cell from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 21 Lysosome Structure Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles that are surrounded by a lipid bilayer and filled with digestive hydrolytic enzymes. pH ~4.5–5.0 Hydrolytic enzymes are proteins that can digest many kinds of biomolecules. Image of a The lumen's pH (~4.5–5.0) lysosome from Servier Medical Art Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 22 Lysosome Main functions Break down of macromolecules: pH (~4.5–5.0 ▪ Proteases ▪ Nucleases Hydrolytic enzymes Image of a ▪ Lipases lysosome from Servier Medical Art ▪ Glucosidases Break down of organelles Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 23 Clinical relevance Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of rare inherited diseases that result from defects in lysosomal function. Defects in any of the hydrolytic enzymes translates into the accumulation of large molecules within the cell, eventually killing it. Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 24 Exosomes Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that carry constituents (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) of the cells that secrete them. DNA RNA 100 nm Protein Others Image of an endosome from Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(11), 4072; Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 25 Role of exosomes Intercellular communication and of transmission of macromolecules between cells. Markers of disease. Potential therapies (exosome-mediated delivery of therapeutics to target disease cells). - Anti-cancer - Nebuliser spray particles for COVID-19 patients Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved 26 To complete this session, please read: eBook: Boron & Boulpaep Concise Medical Physiology. Walter F. Boron; Emile L. Boulpaep Chapter 2: pages 13- 15 Log into Clinicalkey and view book in Bookshelf Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved To contact me: [email protected] Copyright © Brunel University London v.3 2024. All rights reserved