Chemical Basis of Life Notes PDF

Compound – two or more diff. types of atoms that are CHEMICAL BASIS chemically combined OF LIFE Dissociation Basic Chemistry § Separation of ions in an ionic...

Compound – two or more diff. types of atoms that are CHEMICAL BASIS chemically combined OF LIFE Dissociation Basic Chemistry § Separation of ions in an ionic compound by Chemistry – concerned with atomic composition and polar water molecules structure of substances and the reactions they undergo Electrolytes – dissociated ions Matter, Mass, and Weight Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Chemical Rxns § Substances interact either to form or to break Mass – amount of matter in an object; kilogram chemical bonds Weight – gravitational force acting on an object Reactants – substances that enter into a chemical reaction Elements and Atoms Element – simplest type of matter having unique Products – substances that result from the chemical rxn properties Classification of Chemical Rxns Atom – smallest particle of an element 1. Synthesis – combination of reactants 2. Decomposition – breakdown of larger reactants Atomic Structure 3. Exchange – decomposition + synthesis Neutrons – no electrical charge Anabolism – synthesis rxns that occur in the body Protons – positive charges Catabolism – decomposition rxns that occur in the body Electrons – negative charges Metabolism – anabolic + catabolic rxns in the body Nucleus – formed by protons and neutrons Reversible Rxns Electron cloud – where electrons are most likely to be § Reactants can form products, products can form found reactants Atomic number – no of protons in each atom Energy and Chemical Rxns Energy – capacity to do work Mass number – no. of protons + no. of neutrons Potential Energy – stored energy Electrons and Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding – electrons are transferred or shared Kinetic Energy – energy caused by movement between atoms Chemical Energy – form of potential energy stored in Ionic Bond – electrons are transferred chemical bonds Covalent Bond – electrons are shared Rate of Chemical Rxns (RCTC) 1. Reactants Polar covalent bond – unequal, asymmetrical sharing of 2. Concentration electrons 3. Temperature 4. Catalysts (increases the rate of chem rxn without Polar molecules – molecules with asymmetrical itself being permanently changed or depleted) electrical charge Acids and Bases Nonpolar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons Acid – proton donor bet. atoms Base – proton acceptor Nonpolar molecules – molecules with symmetrical electrical charge The pH Scale § Indicates the H+ concentration of a solution Hydrogen Bonds Ø Neutral – equal no. of H+ and OH-; pH of 7.0 § Weak attraction bet the oppositely charged Ø Acidic – H+ > OH-; pH less than 7.0 regions of polar molecules Ø Basic – H+ > OH-; pH greater than 7.0 Molecules and Compounds 7.35 – 7.45 – normal pH range of blood Molecule – two or more atoms that are chemically combined Acidosis – blood pH drops beow 7.35 M o r a n o , M. A. Alkalosis – blood pH rises above 7.45 Polyunsaturated fats – two or more double covalent bonds; safflower, sunflower, corn, fish oils Salts § Forms when an acid reacts with a base Trans fats – unsaturated fats tha have been altered by addition of H atoms Buffer § Chemicals that resist changes in pH Phospholipids – phosphorus containing molecues Inorganic Molecules Hydrophilic – water loving; polar end of molecules are § Do not contain Carbon attracted to water Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Hydrophobic – water fearing; non polar end is repelled Oxygen – involved with the extraction of energy from by water food molecules Eicosanoids – important chemicals derived form fatty Carbon Dioxide – by-product of the breakdown of food acids; important regulatory molecules molecules Prostaglandins – regulates secretion of hormones, blood Water clotting, and some reproductive functions 1. Stabilizing body temperature. 2. Protection; lubricant/cushion. Steroids – carbon atoms in four ring-like structures 3. Facilitating chemical reactions. 4. Transporting substances Cholesterol – important steroid bcos steroid molecules are synthesized from it; important component of cell Organic Molecules membranes § Carbon containing Proteins Carbohydrates § CHON + S § CHO § Regulate chemical reactions § Serve as structural components Monosaccharides – smallest carbohydrates; simple § Cause muscle contraction sugars Ø Glucose – blood sugar Amino acids – building blocks of proteins; amine group Ø Fructose – fruit sugar + carboxyl group; 20 basic types: 12 simple org. molecules + 8 obtained in diet Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides Ø Sucrose – table sugar Denaturation – change in shape caused by abnormally high temp. or change in pH Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides Ø Glycogen – animal starch Enzymes – protein catalysts; lower the activation energy v Plant starch Activation energy – energy needed to start a chem rxn v Cellulose Lock-and-key model – the shapes of an enzyme and Lipids those of the reactant allow the enzymes to bind easily to § Substances that dissolve in non polar solvents the reactants § CHO + P + N Nucleic Acids: DNA + RNA Fats – important energy-storage molecules; pad and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – genetic material of cells insulate the body Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – important role in gene Glycerol & Fatty Acids – building blocks of fats expression/protein synthesis Triglycerides – most common type of fat molecules Nucleic acid – large molecules composed of CHONP Saturated Fatty Acid – single covalent bond; beef, pork, Nucleotides – basic building clocks of DNA + RNA whole milk, cheese, butter, eggs, coconut oil, palm oil Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Unsaturated Fatty Acid – one of more double covalent § Important organic molecule bonds § Energy currency of cells Mono-unsaturated fats – double covalent bonds bet. § Stores and provides energy carbon; olive and peanut oil M o r a n o , M. 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