Why Counting Counts: Consciousness and Language

• The book is called "Why Counting Counts".
• It is a study about forms of counsciousness and problems of language.
• It references "Noli me tangere" and "El filibusterismo".
• It was written by Benedict R. O'G. Anderson.

Ateneo de Manila University Press

• The book is published by the Ateneo de Manila University Press.
• It involved cooperation with PHILIPPINE STUDIES

Copyright

• Copyright 2008 is held by the Ateneo de Manila University and Benedict R. O'G. Anderson.
• It was published in cooperation with Philippine Studies.
• The cover design is by BJ Patiño.

National Library of the Philippines CIP Data

• The National Library of the Philippines CIP Data recommends this entry:
• Author of the book: Anderson, Benedict R. O'G.
• Full title = Why counting counts : a study of forms of consciousness and problems of language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
• Date of publication = c2008
• Dimensions = p.; cm.
• Place of publication = Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press
• Subjects covered:
  • Rizal, Jose Alonso, 1861-1896--History--Criticism and interpretation.
  • Rizal, Jose Alonso, 1861-1896. Noli Me Tangere--History and criticism.
  • Rizal, Jose Alonso, 1861-1896, El Filibusterismo--History and criticism.
  • Title is I.
• Library of Congress call number = PQ8897.R5 959.90076 2008 P082000449
• ISBN: 978-971-550-555-0

Content Acknowledgements

• The author received insightful criticisms from critics such as Jun Aguilar, Neil Garcia, Bomen Guillermo, Carol Hau, Ambeth Ocampo, and Tony Wood.
• The author expresses gratitude to them, while holding responsibility for any errors or misinterpretations.
• These articles were initially published separately, in Philippine Studies 51 (2003): 505-29 and 54 (2006): 315-56.

Brief Word

• The primary audience is Filipino students and teachers, who are assumed to be familiar with Rizal's two novels.
• The intention is not to serve as a technical manual but to suggest a method for deepening their understanding of "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo".
• To understand Rizal's changing outlook during composition and the politico-cultural context

Book Structure

• Introduction begins on page 1
• Noli me tangere begins on page 3
• El filibusterismo begins on page 38
• Concluding Reflections begin on page 80
• Bibliography begins on page 88
• Index begins on page 90

Introduction to Rizal's Novels

• Many critical writings on Rizal's novels overlook the intended audience and how race/ethnicity complexities are portrayed.
• There's a tendency to quote words/phrases as Rizal's opinions without considering their distribution, usage, and intentions in the novels.
• This approach treats the books as ethico-political treatises rather than novels, hiding Rizal's often contradictory opinions.
• A systematic quantified study of vocabulary, style, and context is proposed to treat the novels as novels.
• A fundamental aim is to allow for comparative analysis of Noli me tangere and El filibusterismo within a single framework.
• The context contains separate sections on each of the novels, using the same analytical methods and format.

Initial Novel Publication

• "Noli Me Tangere" was published when Rizal was 25.
• At the time his experience outside Spain was largely confined to France and Germany.
• "El Filibusterismo" came out in 1891.
• Rizal was 30 and had gone home to the Philippines for a few months, then traveled to Japan and the United States, before settling in the United Kingdom and Belgium.
• The Great War of 1914-18 was starting to be felt, but by 1891 it was visible.

Spanish-Colonial Racial Strata and Ethnicity

• Like other Spanish possessions, the Philippines envisioned societies as a racial pyramid with greater distances from a metropolitan norm.
• Peninsulares, Spaniards born and raised in the imperial center, were at the top.
• Criollos or creoles, of Spanish descent, raised in the Philippines, believed to have degenerative effects from the climate and culture.
• The mestizos, locally born, products of 'interracial' relationships, ranked below them.
• The Philippines was unique; it lacked African slave descendants but contained a large population of Chinese immigrants and descendants.
• Distinctions were made between Spanish mestizos and Chinese mestizos.
• At the pyramid's base were the indios, treated as a homogeneous mass.

Appearance of Ethnicity in Archipelago Census

• 'Ethnicity' appeared after the Americans seized the islands during the twentieth century.
• The regime tried to make these strata concrete by imposing different legal statuses and differential tax burdens.
• Immigrant, non-Catholic Chinese (sangleyes, later chino), unsubdued Muslims in the Far South, and pagan tribes in the Luzon Cordillera/remote islands were excluded.
• Strikingly, the term peninsular only appears 4 times, twice as the elderly Teniente and twice in the Narrator's commentary
• Criollos is very rare.
• Mestizo(s) appears only 4 times, with the adjective español(es).
• No appearance of the form mestizo chino.
• The word indio is widely used by all levels of colonial society from the peninsulares down to the peasantry.
• P. Dámaso uses the word indio 13 times.
• The narrator uses the word indio 7 times.
• An unnamed friar uses indio 5 times.
• La Victorina uses indio 4 times.
• Elias and the Diario in Manila each use indio 3 times.
• Adjective India is used once by La Consoloción.
• Naturales occurs 5 times, distributed between the Narrator (3) and Don Filipo and the Diario (1 apiece).
• Chino is frequent.
• Chino is mentioned 35 times, used by the Narrator (18), Tasio (5), anonymous voices (4), gravedigger/pious women/Diario (2 each), Capitan Basilio/Iday (1 apiece).
• Chino is employed 3 times by Tasio and once by the Narrator as an adjective.
• Moros are referred to three times only by the narrator.
• Word does not refer to Southern Philippines Muslims; rather, the 'Moors' in the fiesta's moro-moro play.
• Pagan populations are mentioned twice. Tagalog-the-language appears only five times.

Strange absence of the Ilocanos

• There is a strange absence of the Ilocanos, who formed a large part of Manila's class of domestic servants.
• Rizal himself was aware of this fact and on March 21, 1887 commented on it in a letter to Blumentritt from Berlin.
• Rizal stated he believed the the man who dictated it was no Tagalog, such is the way Ilocanos speak Tagalog and is only more probable in Manila most servants are Ilocanos.
• The novel generally ignores the huge ethnolinguistic diversity of even the Catholic Philippines.

Category Mentions

• Table 1 outlines the mentions of racial and ethnic terms in "Noli me tangere".
• Peninsulares were mentioned 4 times.
• Criollos were mentioned 1 time.
• Criolla was mentioned 1 time.
• Mestizo/s were mentioned 4 times.
• Mestiza was mentioned 2 times.
• Mesticillos were mentioned 2 times.
• Indio/s were mentioned 43 times.
• India (adj.) was mentioned 1 time.
• Naturales were mentioned 5 times.
• Chino/s were mentioned 35 times.
• Chino (adj.) was mentioned 4 times.
• Sangleyes were mentioned 1 time.
• Tagalo/s were mentioned 5 times.
• Tagalo/a (adj.) was mentioned 6 times.
• Visaya (n. and adj.) were mentioned 5 times.
• Tagalo/a (adj.) was mentioned 6 times.
• Visaya (n. and adj.) were mentioned 5 times.
• Tribus infieles were mentioned 2 times.
• These categories are usually unambiguous There are many strong contextual indications that the word chino typically refers to recent, unassimilated immigrants from China. No one, not even the filósofo himself, calls him a chino

Conclusion of Colonial Strata

• The paper concludes with questions about the colonial racial strata.
• This includes: why are the upper strata so rarely mentioned, and why are the 'alien' Chinese made so prominent?
• Traditional colonial categories were created initially in the sixteenth century, but started rapidly decaying.
• Decayed due to the massive penetration of Anglo-Saxon agro-industrial capitalism and steamship-carried Chinese migration.
• Also due to Rizal's intellectual environment, cultural outlook and political stance.

Political Vocabulary

• The terms used in Category A are mostly clear-cut, but the opposite is typically the case with those in Category B.

The Term España

• One might think that the toponym España is quite straightforward.
• In 35 out of 39 instances the referent is plainly the Iberian country we know today.
• The term was distributed, being used by Ibarra (13); the Narrator (7); Elias (4); the Capitan-General (3); an old husband (2); and Tiburcio, Don Basilio, Tiago, an old wife, the newspaper correspondent, and an anonymous voice (1 each).
• In four other cases, one cannot be certain.

Other Toponyms Related

• The 4 appearances of la Peninsula in the text also point to an ambiguity in España.
• One might also suppose that the 'national' noun español had an obvious and unambiguous connotation.
• But of the 52 mentions in the novel, clearly 24 refer to people born in Spain; 3 equally clearly refer to such people plus locally-born creoles and mestizos; and 25 cannot be determined.
• The context makes it plain that the Narrator does not mean 'Filipinas' and 'Spaniards' in the modern sense.
• Here españolas are peninsular girls, while the filipinas (creoles) are not included among the Spaniards.

Further Complications

• The word place Filipinas itself may seem unambiguous.
• It is mentioned 58 times, with quite a wide distribution: the Narrator, 20; Ibarra, 12; the Alférez, 7; Tasio, 5; Elias, 3; the Capitan-General, 2; and the Teniente, the Alcalde, P. Dámaso, Albino, La Consolación, Sergeant Gómez, Primitivo, the schoolteacher, and an anonymous young man, once apiece.
• It is by no means clear if the word is always used to include the region of the Moros or the territory of Elias's tribus infieles é independientes. Nonetheless, fully 40 are confined to the small 'politically conscious' group of Ibarra, Tasio, Elias, and the Narrator. Of the 12 occurrences of filipinola, 7 come from the Narrator, 4 from the satirized Diario, and one from the Teniente. The obverse of this distribution is just as striking: The novel's first hero uses the word just once, the second hero, Elias, never, and the wise Tasio not at all. When Elias describes himself, what he says is soy un indio, not soy un Filipino.

Tables

• Table 2. Mentions of 'Spanish' and 'Filipino' terms in Noli me tangere
• Espana(s) are mentioned 39 times.
• La Peninusla were mentioned 4 times.
• Españoles (peninsulares) were mentioned 24 times.
• Españoles (+creoles) were mentionerd 3 times.
• Españoles (vague) were mentioned 25 times.
• Español/a (adj.) were mentioned 14 times.
• Filipinas (place) are mentionerd 58 times.
• Filipino(s) (n.) are mentioned 21 times.
• Filipino/a (adj.) were mentioned 12 times.

Other Terms

• Nación(es) crops up 7 times distributed as = Ibarra, 4; the Narrator, Elias, and Tasio, 1 each.
• Nacionalidades occurs twice distributed as = Narrator, 1; and Elias, 1
• Nacionales was mentioned 1 time distributed as= Ibarra, 1
• Nacional was mentioned 2 times distributed as = Ibarra, 1; and Elias, 1

The Word Nation(es)

• Nations means frequently corresponds to the now obsolete meaning of 'nation' that we find in the King James Bible, and was still predominant when Adam Smith wrote his great The Wealth of Nations.
• The Word means = a word with a broad and vague semantic range covering 'people,' 'country,' even 'ethnic group.
• Sometimes the sense seems closer to the modern meaning of 'nation' as shorthand for nation-state.

Toponym

• Pueblo appears far more often than either nación or patria, with more differentiated meanings, and a wider range of voices.
• There are at least 32 places where the reference is to some usually unnamed township in the Philippines
• There are 53 places where the word refers explicitly or by direct implication to the physical township of San Diego, per-haps also its townsfolk.
• We find pueblo connoting a 'people' in general, comparative terms, in 10 instances.

Tabular Mentions

• Table 3 has mentions of Nación and its Derivatives, Patria, and Pueblo in the Noli.
• Nación/es (7)
• Nacionalidad/es (2)
• Nacional/es (n.) (1)
• Nacional (adj.) (2)
• Patria (general) (6)
• Patria (Spain) (5)
• Patria (Filipinas) (12)
• Patria (adj.) (1)
• Pueblo (local townships) (32)
• Pueblo (S. Diego town) (53)
• Pueblo (S. Diego townsfolk) (5)
• Pueblo (peoples in general) (10)
• Pueblo (people of Filipinas) (21)
• Pueblo (unclear) (4)
• These figures show us some important features of Noli me tangere and of the society it describes. What is plain is the highly restricted range of political vocabulary, and the no less restricted range of people who use it. "All this reinforces the idea that the Noli is only tangentially a novel about politics; rather it is a moralist's novel about the deplorable condition of the Philip-pines, as the famous Preface promises.

Freedom Autonomy

• Words Connected to concepts of personal or national freedom/autonomy. In a definitely political sense libre [free] occurs 3 times, divided between Basilio, Elias, and the Au-thor (title of chapter).
• In a general, non-political sense 10 times, between the Narrator, 3; Tasio and P. Salví, twice each;and Elias, (Se)ñor Juan, and P. Dámaso, once apiece.
• Libertad in a political sense crops up 13 times, distributed between Elias, 5; Tasio, Ibarra, and Primitivo, 2 each.

Monarchy and Empire

• The book lists: "Words connected to monarchy and empire (26 in-stances). Rey [king] occurs 18 times in different contexts. Refer-ring to the Spanish king we find 12 cases, divided between P. Dámaso, 3; the Capitan-General, 2; and the Teniente, Tasio, theAlférez, Filipo, a young politician, a sergeant, and a voice in the crowd, 1 apiece. Tasio and the Narrator each use the term twice in a general sense, while the Narrator and Ibarra each use it once to refer to a chess-piece. Imperador [emperor] is used once each by Tasio and Tiago, in both cases referring to the emperors of Antiq-uity. Reina [queen] occurs four times, used twice by the newspa-per correspondent in a general sense, and once each by the Nar-rator and Ibarra to refer to a chess-piece. Principe [prince], em-ployed once each by Tasio and the Narrator, refers to actors/char-acters in the moro-moro play enacted for the fiesta."
• The book continued on: "The same is true for prinsesa [princess], used twice by the correspondent and once by Tasio. Finally, Tasio on one occasion describes himself this way: no soy partidario de la monarquía hereditaria [I am no sup-porter of hereditary monarchy].
• Words connected to political parties and party-politicalorientations (26 cases).
• Under this rubric we find partido men-tioned 5 times, always by the Narrator. The noun conservador(es) is used 13 times by the Narrator, and the adjective 4 times, also al-ways by the Narrator. The adjective liberal comes up 4 times, in the mouth of the Narrator. In effect, all the words in this category are monopolized by the Narrator.
• Variations on the root filibuster- (21 mentions). Filibustero crops up 18 times, distributed as follows: anonymous voices, 6; the Narrator, 4; the old Teniente, 3; and 1 each for Victorina, the Author (chapter title), the schoolteacher, a friar,and the new Teniente. The contemptuous diminutive filibusterillo occurs three times, twice in the mouth of an unnamed person,once in that of a civil servant.
• Words connected to progress and reform mentions the following words progreso is 9 times, reforma is 11 times
• Society is mentioned in 7 times
• Citizenship is mentioned only in 6 times
• Revoltion is mentioned only 4 times

Cultural context

• There is about 23 Toponyms but only 6 escape from the narrator from the topomyns almost ALL are in tagalog region of south Luzon . A few execptions in palanga albay, cebu and maybe Jolo
• Narrator 22, 6 to correspondent. Siybla tasio, salvar, Elias Capitan Asiotrenas and an unnamed peasant
• There is also 47 topomyns but only 19 not provides by the. Geograhicaldistribution is instructive

Intermezzo of people

• 22 saints of distribution the narrator 40: tassio 12 Padamoso, Tiaho roofa 3 the correspondent, all fairy the gubernador and a peasant
• 2 of 20 figures also are there in classical antiquity

Questions About Tagalog

• Which personae are said to speak about the Tagalog language, and who is said to use it to whom
• Spanish is mentioned 31 times
• Latin is mentioned 29 times English 5 Chinese 2Japanese to Egyptian 3 Italian 1 tag Along however is mentioned even more often then Latin
• The Narrator tells us directly of the following interlocutors:

Summary of Important Noli info

• It is the narrator who will over overwhelmingly the big the biggest user of Tagalog works. and it was all for all most all a foreign audience for the friends and the enemies
• the obvious question that arises is this if the primary intended readers of the knowledge will realise fellow Filipinos why did he can feel he had to prephrase terms like about spanish
• Most of the Fillipinos who could read Spanish at all were either tagalogs a people of the Lunars which were if they were ethnically Elcano a have been raising Manila

Overview about Fili

• Fili has a lot of problems and is far more marked in the 2ed than in the first as well it has a lot of passages which the narrator reads the minds in the characters or over uses what they are suppose to had to do so or to all. To it was just assigned the relevant vocabulary from the items

Colonial Racial

• In its in its nominal form peninsular just as rare in the Fille as in the Noli it occurs only only five times twice in the Narrator's commentary and once each in the speech is a young Basilio Pecson in and the high official The adjective of form is of use for it by times of the narrator and twice by and andymus
• "In the Fili the terms Criollo already rare has have completely dissapered In the case"

Overview of Terms

• "In the case of mestizo"
• "the noun occurs 14 times : the narrator 11 including one voice over for Juan"
• "to tell you the only time that Rizal makes claim that if"

Other Relevant Terms

• ""* "" although it always have been clasified his before been but to change it in fact with that was far too given gifted novelist not really to be for the bag on that one Millon physics most readers you call Millon makes effort not to intimidate in the students but they is by way he does that does the to and by we he gives skill to him by to to was the skills make fun he suppose used so the was

Tables

• "Peninsular and adjunct night time four in the bracket* for 2 criollo and then that night that time for you to that it a number to 1 to for this the times are and when did and when by are and and it would say

Analysis

• "There is so many reasons"
• is more for the reasons, by the one can know all know not have have had a big that it was the was for and and with is a was is and and on by with what in the with just

List of Table

_ The The tables of a number of and all the

• This is where for have for There all in the with one of the There a to as To give I with it and and

• And to The we to that time what what we we is that is the we. Is it also

Another View

• With new view. He of view that it of you and as in the It the at that they with.

Words

• of well of 3
• There it 1, 4 and to it to it the is as the the

4. The

• In that in his in as it in the As for has of it is the
• As as as was that He he for to but has it had had it In In with
• the to to the What They to and of. Then and the the One is is