Podcast
Questions and Answers
The SARS-CoV-2 virus gains entry into host cells by binding to which receptor?
The SARS-CoV-2 virus gains entry into host cells by binding to which receptor?
- Interleukin-6 receptor
- CD4 receptor
- CD8 receptor
- ACE2 receptor (correct)
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary portal of entry for the SARS-CoV-2 virus?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary portal of entry for the SARS-CoV-2 virus?
- Respiratory tract
- Skin (correct)
- Mucosal membrane of the oral cavity
- Eyes
A person transmits SARS-CoV-2 to another individual before showing any symptoms. This is an example of what type of transmission?
A person transmits SARS-CoV-2 to another individual before showing any symptoms. This is an example of what type of transmission?
- Asymptomatic transmission
- Symptomatic transmission
- Presymptomatic transmission (correct)
- Environmental transmission
Which of the following transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 involves spread that is NOT traceable to a specific, known infected individual?
Which of the following transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 involves spread that is NOT traceable to a specific, known infected individual?
Enteroviral infections, such as hand-foot-and-mouth disease, are primarily caused by which viruses?
Enteroviral infections, such as hand-foot-and-mouth disease, are primarily caused by which viruses?
A patient presents with malaise, fever, and a vesicular rash on the buccal mucosa and tongue, as well as on their hands and feet. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with malaise, fever, and a vesicular rash on the buccal mucosa and tongue, as well as on their hands and feet. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
What is the primary treatment approach for enteroviral infections presenting with oral ulceration?
What is the primary treatment approach for enteroviral infections presenting with oral ulceration?
Erythema infectiosum, characterized by a 'slapped cheek' rash, is caused by which virus?
Erythema infectiosum, characterized by a 'slapped cheek' rash, is caused by which virus?
A child presents with a vivid red rash on their cheeks, described as 'slapped cheeks,' and a maculopapular rash on their extremities. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A child presents with a vivid red rash on their cheeks, described as 'slapped cheeks,' and a maculopapular rash on their extremities. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Which form of active immunity involves the administration of a weakened form of a pathogen that can still stimulate an immune response without causing severe disease?
Which form of active immunity involves the administration of a weakened form of a pathogen that can still stimulate an immune response without causing severe disease?
Which type of vaccine utilizes inactivated bacterial toxins to stimulate an immune response?
Which type of vaccine utilizes inactivated bacterial toxins to stimulate an immune response?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
The administration of rabies immunoglobulin to an individual bitten by a rabid animal is an example of what kind of immunity?
The administration of rabies immunoglobulin to an individual bitten by a rabid animal is an example of what kind of immunity?
Which of the following is a primary mode of transmission for both Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Which of the following is a primary mode of transmission for both Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Which of the following best describes Hepatitis B virus (HBV)?
Which of the following best describes Hepatitis B virus (HBV)?
What is the most effective method for preventing Hepatitis B infection?
What is the most effective method for preventing Hepatitis B infection?
What type of virus is Hepatitis C?
What type of virus is Hepatitis C?
Which of the following conditions is most frequently associated with chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following conditions is most frequently associated with chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Which of the following oral conditions is strongly associated with HIV infection?
Which of the following oral conditions is strongly associated with HIV infection?
Which of the following malignancies is most strongly associated with HIV/AIDS?
Which of the following malignancies is most strongly associated with HIV/AIDS?
Flashcards
COVID-19 disease and virus name
COVID-19 disease and virus name
Disease: COVID-19; Virus: SARS-CoV-2
How SARS-CoV-2 infects cells
How SARS-CoV-2 infects cells
It uses the membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the host, to penetrate the cells.
SARS-CoV-2 portals of entry
SARS-CoV-2 portals of entry
- Mucosal membrane of the oral cavity 2. Respiratory tract 3. Eyes
SARS-CoV-2 transmission types
SARS-CoV-2 transmission types
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How enteroviral infections begin
How enteroviral infections begin
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Example of enteroviral infection
Example of enteroviral infection
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Clinical features of erythema infectiosum
Clinical features of erythema infectiosum
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Erythema infectiosum cause
Erythema infectiosum cause
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Active immunity components
Active immunity components
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Passive immunity components
Passive immunity components
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Hepatitis B and C transmission
Hepatitis B and C transmission
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Hepatitis B virus type
Hepatitis B virus type
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Hepatitis B incubation period
Hepatitis B incubation period
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Hepatitis B prevention
Hepatitis B prevention
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Hepatitis C virus type
Hepatitis C virus type
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Individuals with overt Hep C
Individuals with overt Hep C
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Clinical features of Hep C
Clinical features of Hep C
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Diseases associated with HIV
Diseases associated with HIV
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Study Notes
- Disease: COVID-19
- Virus: SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 Virus Mechanism
- Penetrates cells utilizing the host's membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry Points
- Mucosal membrane of the oral cavity
- Respiratory tract
- Eyes
SARS-CoV-2 Virus Transmission Categories
- Symptomatic transmission: Direct contact from a COVID-19 patient
- Presymptomatic transmission: Direct contact from a SARS-CoV-2 positive individual not yet showing symptoms
- Asymptomatic transmission: Direct contact from a SARS-CoV-2 positive individual who never develops symptoms
- Environmental transmission: Indirect transmission not traceable to a specific patient
Enteroviral Infections
- Caused by coxsackie virus A and B
Enteroviral Infection Example
- Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Enteroviral Infections: Clinical Features
- Malaise, fever, anorexia
- Sore mouth and throat
- Vesicular rash involving the buccal mucosa, possibly extending to the tongue, palate, or gingiva
- Hands affected in 65% of cases
- Feet often affected
Enteroviral Infections: Treatment
- Topical steroids to alleviate ulceration
Erythema Infectiosum
- Caused by parvovirus B19
Erythema Infectiosum: Clinical Features
- Rash presenting as livid erythema on cheeks ("slapped cheeks")
- Maculo-papular rash on both hands and feet
Erythema Infectiosum: Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosed clinically
- No specific treatment available
Active Immunity Components
- Live attenuated vaccines:
- Oral poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, BCG
- Inactivated organisms:
- Whooping cough, typhoid, cholera, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, rabies
- Immunizing components:
- Influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal C conjugate (surface polysaccharide with protein)
- Toxoid (inactivated toxin):
- Tetanus, diphtheria
Passive Immunity Components
- Natural transmission: Mother to foetus
- Artificial transmission: Human/non-human immunoglobulin (high levels)
- Human normal immunoglobulin from pooled plasma (e.g., Hep A)
- Specific immunoglobulin from convalescent patients' blood (e.g., Tetanus, Hep B, rabies, varicella/zoster)
Hep B and Hep C Transmission
- Hep B and C: Contact with infected blood
- Hep B also transmitted via saliva
Hep B: Virus Type
- DNA virus
Hep B: Incubation Period
- 45 to 180 days
Hep B Prevention
- Vaccination
Hep C: Virus Type
- RNA virus
Hep C: Overt Cases
- 10% of individuals display overt symptoms, as the acute phase is typically asymptomatic
Hep C: Clinical Features
- Lichenoid reaction
- Xerostomia
Diseases Strongly Associated with HIV
- Candidiasis
- Hairy Leukoplakia
- Kaposi's Sarcoma
- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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