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What was the primary focus of the philosophers during the period between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C.?
What was the primary focus of the philosophers during the period between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C.?
Which two elements did Confucius believe were essential for maintaining harmony with the universe?
Which two elements did Confucius believe were essential for maintaining harmony with the universe?
How did Laozi's perspective differ from that of Confucius regarding human behavior?
How did Laozi's perspective differ from that of Confucius regarding human behavior?
Which work outlines the fundamental ideas of Daoism?
Which work outlines the fundamental ideas of Daoism?
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What led to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty?
What led to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty?
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Confucianism primarily focuses on which aspect of society?
Confucianism primarily focuses on which aspect of society?
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Legalism differs from Confucianism and Daoism in its approach to governance by emphasizing:
Legalism differs from Confucianism and Daoism in its approach to governance by emphasizing:
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What general belief is shared by both Confucianism and Daoism?
What general belief is shared by both Confucianism and Daoism?
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What was the primary belief held by Legalists regarding human nature?
What was the primary belief held by Legalists regarding human nature?
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Which significant project was built during the reign of Qin Shihuangdi to deter nomadic invasions?
Which significant project was built during the reign of Qin Shihuangdi to deter nomadic invasions?
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What was one of Qin Shihuangdi's major achievements in terms of infrastructure?
What was one of Qin Shihuangdi's major achievements in terms of infrastructure?
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What was the fate of scholars and books under the rule of Qin Shihuangdi?
What was the fate of scholars and books under the rule of Qin Shihuangdi?
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What characterizes the type of government established under the Qin Dynasty?
What characterizes the type of government established under the Qin Dynasty?
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How did the fall of the Qin Dynasty occur?
How did the fall of the Qin Dynasty occur?
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What economic change did Qin Shihuangdi implement by redistributing land?
What economic change did Qin Shihuangdi implement by redistributing land?
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What was a unique aspect of palace construction during Qin Shihuangdi's rule?
What was a unique aspect of palace construction during Qin Shihuangdi's rule?
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What was a defining characteristic of citizens in a polis?
What was a defining characteristic of citizens in a polis?
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Which of the following was a consequence of overpopulation in the Greek mainland?
Which of the following was a consequence of overpopulation in the Greek mainland?
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What were the populations of most city-states compared to Athens?
What were the populations of most city-states compared to Athens?
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Which group was NOT considered a citizen in a polis?
Which group was NOT considered a citizen in a polis?
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During the Dark Age, what was a significant factor that contributed to the revival of various activities in Greece?
During the Dark Age, what was a significant factor that contributed to the revival of various activities in Greece?
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Which city became known as Constantinople after colonization by the Greeks?
Which city became known as Constantinople after colonization by the Greeks?
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What formation did Greek military leaders train their soldiers to use effectively in battles?
What formation did Greek military leaders train their soldiers to use effectively in battles?
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Which of the following was a product that the Greeks exported?
Which of the following was a product that the Greeks exported?
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Which part of the central bureaucracy was responsible for checking government officials?
Which part of the central bureaucracy was responsible for checking government officials?
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Who was the founder of the Han Dynasty?
Who was the founder of the Han Dynasty?
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What ideology did the Han Dynasty adopt that emphasized moderation and righteousness?
What ideology did the Han Dynasty adopt that emphasized moderation and righteousness?
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How were government officials selected during the Han Dynasty?
How were government officials selected during the Han Dynasty?
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What significant route flourished during the Han Dynasty, promoting trade?
What significant route flourished during the Han Dynasty, promoting trade?
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What was the primary characteristic of Greek tyrants?
What was the primary characteristic of Greek tyrants?
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What major technological advancement was made during the Han Dynasty?
What major technological advancement was made during the Han Dynasty?
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What consequence did the population tripling in the Han Dynasty have?
What consequence did the population tripling in the Han Dynasty have?
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Which of the following best describes the Spartan lifestyle?
Which of the following best describes the Spartan lifestyle?
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What form of government was practiced in Sparta?
What form of government was practiced in Sparta?
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What significant change did the Han Dynasty implement concerning civil service?
What significant change did the Han Dynasty implement concerning civil service?
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What significant cultural advancements occurred during the Age of Pericles?
What significant cultural advancements occurred during the Age of Pericles?
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What was a key reason Spartan society was isolated from the outside world?
What was a key reason Spartan society was isolated from the outside world?
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How did the rise of tyrants impact the Greek political landscape?
How did the rise of tyrants impact the Greek political landscape?
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What did Pericles use to fund the cultural projects in Athens?
What did Pericles use to fund the cultural projects in Athens?
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What were the Helots in Spartan society?
What were the Helots in Spartan society?
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What period did the Mycenaean civilization flourish?
What period did the Mycenaean civilization flourish?
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What architectural feature was commonly found in Mycenaean palace centers?
What architectural feature was commonly found in Mycenaean palace centers?
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What was the primary function of the acropolis in a Greek city-state?
What was the primary function of the acropolis in a Greek city-state?
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Which statement is true about the Mycenaean civilization?
Which statement is true about the Mycenaean civilization?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'polis'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'polis'?
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What was a significant result of Greece's mountainous terrain?
What was a significant result of Greece's mountainous terrain?
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Where did citizens typically meet for social and political activities in a polis?
Where did citizens typically meet for social and political activities in a polis?
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What type of tomb was characteristic of Mycenaean royal burials?
What type of tomb was characteristic of Mycenaean royal burials?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greece
- Mycenae: A Greek civilization, existing from 1600-1100 BCE, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann.
- Origin: Part of the Indo-European people group, expanding throughout Europe and Asia.
- Civilization: The first Greek civilization known to speak and write Greek.
- Monarchies: Powerful monarchies with palace centers on hills, surrounded by stone walls.
- Royal Burials: Members of the royal family were buried in bee-hive shaped tombs.
- Commercial Network: A strong commercial network, trading throughout the Mediterranean (e.g., Syria, Italy).
- Culture: Influenced greatly by geography. 80% of Greece is mountainous, and its long coastline with many bays supported seafaring Greeks.
Greek City-States
- Polis (City-State): The central focus of Greek life by 750 BCE. This was a town/city, serving a religious, political, and social center for the surrounding agricultural areas.
- Acropolis: Hilltop meeting place, serving as safety during attacks and a religious site.
- Agora: Marketplace and community gathering place beneath the acropolis.
- Size/Population: City-states varied in size and population, ranging from a few hundreds to several thousands.
- Citizens: Only adult males were citizens with political rights.
- Non-Citizens: Women, children, agricultural laborers and slaves were considered non-citizens.
- Dark Ages: (1100-750 BCE) A period where information about this time period is scarce.
- Iron's Role: Innovations in iron-working led to economic, trade, weaponry and agricultural developments
Spread of Greek Ideas
- Colonization: (750-550 BCE) Greeks migrated to foreign lands creating colonies in distant areas.
- Colonies: Became independent Greek city-states with their own political structures.
- Spread of Influence: Colonization spread Greek culture, political ideas, and trade throughout several coastlines. Exported products like grains, metals, and fish.
Rise of Tyrants & City-States
- Tyranny: A new meaning for the term was given to tyrants. Rulers who overthrew aristocrats, seizing power and regaining public support from the poor and middle class.
- Sparta & Athens: Powerful City-states. Sparta conquered lands and turned the area's inhabitants into captured people(Helots), who worked for them.
- Spartan Military Lifestyle: Followed a rigorous military lifestyle from childhood up to the age of sixty, and were always loyal to their duties in the army.
- Oligarchy: Sparta's government; a few, selected people ruled.
- Spartan Isolationism: To ensure security, Spartans were isolated, not allowed to travel or learn philosophy to prevent outside influences.
Athenian Empire
- Athens: An oligarchy ruled by a group of aristocrats, who struggled with economic problems and debt control.
- Solon: An aristocrat who implemented reforms by cancelling land debt and freeing people from slavery, temporarily saving Athens from civil war.
- Peisistratus: Seized power, gaining public trust by improving the lives of the poor by giving them land from the rich.
- Cleisthenes: Reformed the government, establishing the foundation of Athenian democracy.
- Pericles: Led Athens during its golden age, initiating educational programs in philosophy, art and architecture.
China's Early Dynasties & Philosophies
- Chinese Philosophies: (500-200 BCE) Philosophers in this era focused on establishing a stable society and understanding the physical world.
- Confucianism: The longest-lived dynasty. Rejected violence and moral decay. Emphasized harmony; duty and humanity are key to prosperity.
- Daoism: Emphasized inaction and letting nature take its course as a means of establishing harmony.
- Legalism: Opposed the ideas of other philosophies by believing in strict laws, harsh punishments, and little concern for commoner's feelings.
- Qin Dynasty: (400-221 BCE) A powerful dynasty that united China and introduced significant political, economic and social changes.
- Qin Shihuangdi: The first Qin Emperor, who united China after a violent period.
- Xianyang: Capital city of the Qin Dynasty.
- Great Wall: A significant military achievement of the Qin Dynasty to protect against nomadic invaders in the north.
- Han Dynasty: (206 BCE - 220 CE) A long-lasting dynasty that followed the Qin. Focused on Confucian ideology, established a civil service examination system, and experienced cultural and technological advancements.
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