Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which bones articulate at the shoulder joint?
Which bones articulate at the shoulder joint?
- Scapula and humerus (correct)
- Clavicle and sternum
- Humerus and ulna
- Radius and ulna
What is the correct order of carpal bones in the proximal row, from lateral to medial?
What is the correct order of carpal bones in the proximal row, from lateral to medial?
- Lunate, scaphoid, pisiform, triquetrum
- Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (correct)
- Capitate, hamate, scaphoid, lunate
- Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Which bone is most commonly fractured in the wrist?
Which bone is most commonly fractured in the wrist?
- Trapezium
- Lunate
- Scaphoid (correct)
- Capitate
How many phalanges are typically found in each finger, excluding the thumb?
How many phalanges are typically found in each finger, excluding the thumb?
In which part of the clavicle do fractures most commonly occur?
In which part of the clavicle do fractures most commonly occur?
Which of the following is NOT a carpal bone?
Which of the following is NOT a carpal bone?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Which two bones make up the forearm?
Which two bones make up the forearm?
What term describes the joint between the carpal bones and the metacarpal bones?
What term describes the joint between the carpal bones and the metacarpal bones?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of distal humerus fractures in children?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of distal humerus fractures in children?
Regarding shoulder dislocations, what displacement is most common?
Regarding shoulder dislocations, what displacement is most common?
Where does the distal end of the radius articulate?
Where does the distal end of the radius articulate?
Which of these is a primary function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in the wrist?
Which of these is a primary function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in the wrist?
Which nerve is at higher risk of damage in shoulder dislocations?
Which nerve is at higher risk of damage in shoulder dislocations?
What is the name of the condition commonly seen in young children involving the partial dislocation of the radial head?
What is the name of the condition commonly seen in young children involving the partial dislocation of the radial head?
Which of the following best characterizes a Monteggia fracture-dislocation?
Which of the following best characterizes a Monteggia fracture-dislocation?
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, costoclavicular ligament and interclavicular ligament are the ligaments of which joint?
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, costoclavicular ligament and interclavicular ligament are the ligaments of which joint?
Which joint allows the thumb to perform the opposition movement that is important to grasp objects?
Which joint allows the thumb to perform the opposition movement that is important to grasp objects?
Which carpal bone dislocates most commonly?
Which carpal bone dislocates most commonly?
Which of the following is a critical stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint?
Which of the following is a critical stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint?
Considering the joints involved, what classification best describes the radiocarpal joint?
Considering the joints involved, what classification best describes the radiocarpal joint?
Which feature is unique to the thumb compared to the other fingers?
Which feature is unique to the thumb compared to the other fingers?
Which of the following lists includes only the bones found in the shoulder region?
Which of the following lists includes only the bones found in the shoulder region?
Which of the following motions is primarily enabled by humero-ulnar joint of the elbow?
Which of the following motions is primarily enabled by humero-ulnar joint of the elbow?
Which ligament doesn't support Acromioclavicular joint?
Which ligament doesn't support Acromioclavicular joint?
A patient presents with a fracture at the mid-shaft of the humerus. Which nerve is most at risk of injury?
A patient presents with a fracture at the mid-shaft of the humerus. Which nerve is most at risk of injury?
What structural anomaly predisposes the shoulder joint to a high risk of dislocation?
What structural anomaly predisposes the shoulder joint to a high risk of dislocation?
What is the clinical significance of the 'surgical neck' of the humerus concerning fractures?
What is the clinical significance of the 'surgical neck' of the humerus concerning fractures?
In a Colles' fracture, which anatomical description accurately reflects the displacement of the distal radius fragment?
In a Colles' fracture, which anatomical description accurately reflects the displacement of the distal radius fragment?
A construction worker falls and lands directly on his outstretched hand, resulting in a wrist injury. Radiographs reveal that a carpal bone has dislocated anteriorly. Considering the mechanism of injury, which carpal bone is MOST likely involved?
A construction worker falls and lands directly on his outstretched hand, resulting in a wrist injury. Radiographs reveal that a carpal bone has dislocated anteriorly. Considering the mechanism of injury, which carpal bone is MOST likely involved?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between the radius and ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between the radius and ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm?
After a high-speed motorcycle accident, a patient is diagnosed with a midshaft humeral fracture. During follow-up, the patient exhibits wrist drop and sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand. Which mechanism MOST accurately describes the cause of these findings, considering the anatomical course of the implicated nerve?
After a high-speed motorcycle accident, a patient is diagnosed with a midshaft humeral fracture. During follow-up, the patient exhibits wrist drop and sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand. Which mechanism MOST accurately describes the cause of these findings, considering the anatomical course of the implicated nerve?
If a patient suffers a direct blow to the anterolateral aspect of their shoulder, which of the following ligament injuries would be most likely, given direct anatomical vulnerability and typical mechanisms of injury?
If a patient suffers a direct blow to the anterolateral aspect of their shoulder, which of the following ligament injuries would be most likely, given direct anatomical vulnerability and typical mechanisms of injury?
A gymnast falls off the balance beam, landing directly on her outstretched arm. She immediately experiences severe wrist pain. Radiographic imaging shows a fracture of the distal radius with dorsal displacement and angulation. Additionally, the physician notes compression of a major nerve within the carpal tunnel. Which nerve is compressed?
A gymnast falls off the balance beam, landing directly on her outstretched arm. She immediately experiences severe wrist pain. Radiographic imaging shows a fracture of the distal radius with dorsal displacement and angulation. Additionally, the physician notes compression of a major nerve within the carpal tunnel. Which nerve is compressed?
A patient reports chronic shoulder pain and instability after a previous anterior shoulder dislocation. During physical examination, the physician notes increased anterior translation of the humeral head with apprehension testing. Loss of which ligamentous structure is MOST likely contributing to this chronic instability?
A patient reports chronic shoulder pain and instability after a previous anterior shoulder dislocation. During physical examination, the physician notes increased anterior translation of the humeral head with apprehension testing. Loss of which ligamentous structure is MOST likely contributing to this chronic instability?
Which of the ligaments listed below directly functions to stabilize the radioulnar articulation, contributing to the stability of the wrist joint?
Which of the ligaments listed below directly functions to stabilize the radioulnar articulation, contributing to the stability of the wrist joint?
A 6-year-old child is brought to the emergency department. The parents report that they were walking down the street when the child suddenly stopped and refused to move his left arm, holding it slightly flexed. Which orthopedic manifestation of the upper limb is MOST consistent to this presentation?
A 6-year-old child is brought to the emergency department. The parents report that they were walking down the street when the child suddenly stopped and refused to move his left arm, holding it slightly flexed. Which orthopedic manifestation of the upper limb is MOST consistent to this presentation?
Which carpal bone articulates with the radius to primarily facilitate wrist movements?
Which carpal bone articulates with the radius to primarily facilitate wrist movements?
During a forceful fall onto an outstretched hand, a patient sustains a fracture at the base of the fifth metacarpal with significant angulation, often referred to as a "boxer's fracture." Which carpal bone is directly distal to the injured metacarpal?
During a forceful fall onto an outstretched hand, a patient sustains a fracture at the base of the fifth metacarpal with significant angulation, often referred to as a "boxer's fracture." Which carpal bone is directly distal to the injured metacarpal?
A surgeon is performing a complex reconstruction of the glenohumeral joint. To optimize the functional outcome and minimize post-operative instability, which biomechanical principle should the surgeon consider to MOST effectively restore the joint mechanics? (Insanely difficult)
A surgeon is performing a complex reconstruction of the glenohumeral joint. To optimize the functional outcome and minimize post-operative instability, which biomechanical principle should the surgeon consider to MOST effectively restore the joint mechanics? (Insanely difficult)
A microbiologist is studying an unusual case of bone infection traced back to a puncture wound on a patient's hand. Gram staining shows no bacterial presence. Histological analysis reveals fungal spores embedded within the bony matrix. Considering the route by which the fungal organisms reached the bone, which anatomical arrangement is MOST plausible for proximal progression of this infection from the superficial cutaneous layers to the bone marrow? (Insanely difficult)
A microbiologist is studying an unusual case of bone infection traced back to a puncture wound on a patient's hand. Gram staining shows no bacterial presence. Histological analysis reveals fungal spores embedded within the bony matrix. Considering the route by which the fungal organisms reached the bone, which anatomical arrangement is MOST plausible for proximal progression of this infection from the superficial cutaneous layers to the bone marrow? (Insanely difficult)
Flashcards
Shoulder region bones
Shoulder region bones
The bones of the shoulder region are the clavicle and scapula.
Arm bone
Arm bone
The humerus is the bone in the arm.
Forearm bones
Forearm bones
The radius and ulna are the two bones in the forearm.
Divisions of the hand
Divisions of the hand
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Carpal bones arrangement
Carpal bones arrangement
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Proximal carpal bones
Proximal carpal bones
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Distal carpal bones
Distal carpal bones
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Metacarpal bones
Metacarpal bones
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Phalanges of the hand
Phalanges of the hand
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Clavicle fracture
Clavicle fracture
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Fracture of the Clavicle
Fracture of the Clavicle
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Types of Humerus Fractures
Types of Humerus Fractures
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Most common carpal fracture
Most common carpal fracture
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Most common carpal dislocation
Most common carpal dislocation
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Sternoclavicular joint
Sternoclavicular joint
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Sternoclavicular ligaments
Sternoclavicular ligaments
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Movements at Sternoclavicular Joint
Movements at Sternoclavicular Joint
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Acromioclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
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Ligaments connecting the coracoid to the clavicle.
Ligaments connecting the coracoid to the clavicle.
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Movements at the acromioclavicular joint
Movements at the acromioclavicular joint
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Components of the shoulder joint
Components of the shoulder joint
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Shoulder joint dislocation
Shoulder joint dislocation
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Three joints of the elbow
Three joints of the elbow
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Helps stabalize the elbow.
Helps stabalize the elbow.
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Radiocarpal joint
Radiocarpal joint
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Radio carpal joint is stabilized by
Radio carpal joint is stabilized by
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Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
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Joints of the hand
Joints of the hand
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Study Notes
- The upper limb contains several bones divided into regions: shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.
Shoulder Region
- Clavicle (collarbone)
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
Arm
- Humerus is the single bone.
Forearm
- Radius
- Ulna
Hand
- Carpal Bones (wrist bones)
- Metacarpal Bones
- Phalanges (finger bones)
Thorax
- The bony framework of the thorax, or chest wall, is shown from anterior and posterior views.
Clavicle
- Described with superior and inferior surfaces.
- Acromial Extremity is lateral
- Sternal Extremity is medial.
- The inferior surface features include: the trapezoid line, conoid tubercle for muscle attachment, and the groove for the subclavius muscle.
Scapula
- Features include the: Acromion, glenoid cavity, spine, supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus fossa, and various borders and angles.
- The body develops from the bağ dokusu during the embryonic stage.
Humerus
- Key features include: the head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercles and the intertubercular groove.
- Distally, it presents the capitulum, trochlea, epicondyles, and fossae.
Radius and Ulna
- The radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
- Features of the radius include the head, neck, radial tuberosity.
- Ulna features the olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, and ulnar tuberosity.
- At the distal end of the radius and ulna the styloid processes are present
Carpal Bones
- Eight carpal bones are arranged in two rows.
- Proximal row, from lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
- Distal row, from lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
Metacarpal and Phalanges
- Metacarpals are numbered I-V starting from the lateral (thumb) side.
- Each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.
- The thumb has only two phalanges: proximal and distal.
Clavicle Fractures
- Clavicle fractures are common, especially in children.
- The most common location of clavicle fractures is in the middle third.
- Clavicle fractures typically result from indirect injury.
Humerus Fractures
- Types of Humerus fractures include:
- Proximal Humerus fractures which includes the surgical and the anatomical neck.
- Shaft fractures
- Distal humerus fractures which includes supracondylar fractures in children.
Forearm Fractures
- Fracture dislocations
- Monteggia fractures
Radius Fractures
- Distal radius fractures are common.
Carpal Fractures:
- Scaphoid bone fractures are the most common.
- Lunate bone is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone.
- Dislocation of the lunate bone most commonly occurs when the wrist joint is forcefully extended.
- Lunate bone dislocation can result in anterior dislocation of the lunate bone.
Upper Limb Joints
- Sternoclavicular
- Acromioclavicular
- Glenohumeral (shoulder)
- Elbow (articulatio cubiti)
- Distal Radioulnar
- Radiocarpal (wrist)
Hand Joints
- Intercarpal joints
- Midcarpal joints (between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones)
- Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
- Second to fifth carpometacarpal joints
- Intermetacarpal joints
- Metacarpophalangeal joints
- Interphalangeal joints
Sternoclavicular Joint
- This joint features a joint capsule, an anterior sternoclavicular ligament, a posterior sternoclavicular ligament, a costoclavicular ligament, and an interclavicular ligament.
- It allows circumduction and rotation movements.
- An articular disc is present within this joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
- The joint capsule is reinforced by the Acromioclavicular ligament .
- Coracoclavicular ligament forms of Trapezoid and Conoid ligaments.
- It allows a limited amount of gliding and rotation movements
Shoulder Joint
- Articular Capsule
- The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle pierces the joint capsule.
- Glenohumeral ligaments
- Exist within the joint capsule.
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Subacromial, subdeltoid, and subcoracoid bursae
- Bursae are around the shoulder joint
Shoulder Dislocation
- Shoulder joint dislocation commonly occurs from a high range of mobility and the relative weakness of the joint capsule.
- Most dislocations involve antero-inferior displacement of the humeral head, often due to excessive extension and lateral rotation of the arm.
- The lower part of the shoulder joint that is the lower part of the joint capsule is the weakest.
- The axillary nerve is at increased risk in shoulder dislocations.
Elbow Joint
- The Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints all contribute to forming the elbow.
Elbow ligaments
- The joint has a capsule
- Features ulnar and radial collateral ligaments.
- An annual ligament
- An oblique cord, and an interosseous membrane.
- The cord and membrane help keep the radius and ulna together
Subluxation of the Radial Head
- Radial head subluxation is a common injury in children aged 2-3 years.
- Typically, this injury occurs by either forcing the child's forearm upwards while pronated
- This injury causes a partial tear of the anular ligament at its radial attachment so the head of radius partially slips out of the socket formed by this ligament.
Distal Radioulnar Joint
- The stability of the joint is provided by the articular capsule, the oblique cord, and the interosseous membrane.
Radiocarpal Joint
- The distal end of the radius articulates with scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones through a triangular fibrocartilaginous disc.
- The Triangular Fibrocartilaginous Complex (TFCC) is formed by the medially located triangular cartilaginous disc and some ligaments.
- The complex absorbs shocks and maintains joint stability.
- Ligaments include the the joint capsule, dorsal radiocarpal ligament, palmar radiocarpal ligament, palmar ulnocarpal ligament, ulnar collateral ligament, and the radial collateral ligament.
Carpometacarpal Joints
- The the base of the first metacarpal bone joins with the trapezium.
- Opposition is an important movement of the thumb
- Other joints exist from the 2nd to 5th points
- Includes metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
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Description
Overview of the bones in the upper limb: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, including key features such as the acromion, glenoid cavity, and anatomical neck. Bone development from the bağ dokusu during the embryonic stage is mentioned.
