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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the BEST definition of unipolar depression?
Which of the following is the BEST definition of unipolar depression?
- A cognitive distortion causing severe anxiety.
- A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and lack of motivation. (correct)
- A physical ailment manifesting as emotional distress.
- A personality disorder marked by erratic behavior.
A defining symptom of severe unipolar depression is the experience of suicidal thoughts or engagement in self-harm.
A defining symptom of severe unipolar depression is the experience of suicidal thoughts or engagement in self-harm.
True (A)
According to The King's Fund estimate, by the year 2026, approximately ______ people will be diagnosed with depression.
According to The King's Fund estimate, by the year 2026, approximately ______ people will be diagnosed with depression.
1.45 million
Brandon Hidaka (2012) suggests that modern living contributes to increased depression due to which combination of factors?
Brandon Hidaka (2012) suggests that modern living contributes to increased depression due to which combination of factors?
The genetic explanation of unipolar depression completely removes any personal responsibility for managing or seeking treatment for the condition.
The genetic explanation of unipolar depression completely removes any personal responsibility for managing or seeking treatment for the condition.
What is one key feature that monozygotic twins share in common, which is relevant when studying the genetic basis of depression?
What is one key feature that monozygotic twins share in common, which is relevant when studying the genetic basis of depression?
According to twin studies, if one dizygotic twin is diagnosed with depression, what is the approximate chance that the other twin will also develop depression?
According to twin studies, if one dizygotic twin is diagnosed with depression, what is the approximate chance that the other twin will also develop depression?
The diathesis-stress model suggests that some individuals might have a genetic ______ to become depressed but require a trigger to develop the condition.
The diathesis-stress model suggests that some individuals might have a genetic ______ to become depressed but require a trigger to develop the condition.
Beck's cognitive triad proposes that only past events influence a person's likelihood of developing depression.
Beck's cognitive triad proposes that only past events influence a person's likelihood of developing depression.
In Ellis's ABC model, what does the 'B' stand for?
In Ellis's ABC model, what does the 'B' stand for?
What is the main goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression, in terms of a patient's thinking and actions?
What is the main goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression, in terms of a patient's thinking and actions?
During the first stage of CBT, the therapist primarily focuses on challenging the patient's irrational thoughts.
During the first stage of CBT, the therapist primarily focuses on challenging the patient's irrational thoughts.
Neurotransmitters are ______ that pass messages from one neuron to another.
Neurotransmitters are ______ that pass messages from one neuron to another.
How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) work?
How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) work?
The long-term outcomes of depression treatment are consistently improving due to advances in pharmacological and psychological interventions.
The long-term outcomes of depression treatment are consistently improving due to advances in pharmacological and psychological interventions.
According to the characteristics, how many symptoms of dependence disorder must be present for an individual to be diagnosed as an addict?
According to the characteristics, how many symptoms of dependence disorder must be present for an individual to be diagnosed as an addict?
______ conditioning involves learning via consequences of actions.
______ conditioning involves learning via consequences of actions.
According to social learning theory, how is addictive behavior primarily learned?
According to social learning theory, how is addictive behavior primarily learned?
In the context of addiction treatment, functional analysis aims to reduce withdrawal symptoms.
In the context of addiction treatment, functional analysis aims to reduce withdrawal symptoms.
Match the following terms related to addiction with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms related to addiction with their correct descriptions:
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Unipolar depression
Unipolar depression
A mood disorder characterized by periods of sadness and lack of motivation.
Main symptoms of Unipolar Depression
Main symptoms of Unipolar Depression
Lowering of mood, lack of energy, and lack of motivation.
Other Symptoms of Unipolar Depression
Other Symptoms of Unipolar Depression
Suicidal feelings, guilt, low self-esteem, appetite changes, extreme tiredness, poor sleep, and loss of enjoyment.
Mild Depression
Mild Depression
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Moderate Depression
Moderate Depression
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Severe Depression
Severe Depression
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Diathesis Stress Model
Diathesis Stress Model
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Cognitive theory
Cognitive theory
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Beck's Cognitive Triad
Beck's Cognitive Triad
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Ellis' ABC Model
Ellis' ABC Model
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Tricyclics (TCAs)
Tricyclics (TCAs)
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Withdrawal
Withdrawal
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Addiction
Addiction
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Symptoms of substance dependance disorder
Symptoms of substance dependance disorder
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Classical conditioning and addiction
Classical conditioning and addiction
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Operant conditioning and addiction
Operant conditioning and addiction
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Social learning theory
Social learning theory
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Unipolar Depression
- Unipolar depression is a mood disorder characterized by periods of sadness and a lack of motivation.
Symptoms of Unipolar Depression
- It's a mental health problem affecting both the mind and behavior.
- Main symptoms include: lowered mood, lack of energy, and lack of motivation.
- Other symptoms: suicidal feelings, guilt, low self-esteem, changes in appetite, extreme tiredness, poor sleep, and loss of interest in activities.
Severity of Symptoms
- Mild: 4 symptoms, patient is upset but can still function daily.
- Moderate: 5-6 symptoms, the patient experiences serious difficulty in daily tasks.
- Severe: 7+ symptoms, patient may have suicidal thoughts or engage in self-harm.
Incidence of Depression Over Time
- Martin Seligman (1988) found depression was 10x more likely in the 1980s than in the 1940s.
- The King's Fund (2008) estimates 1.45 million people will be diagnosed with depression by 2026.
- Brandon Hidaka (2012) suggests modern living's stress, sleep deprivation, poor diet, and social isolation contribute to depression.
- Jean Twenge et al (2010) found young adults in 2007 were more likely to be diagnosed with depression.
- Liu yi Lin et al (2016) linked high social media use to a higher depression risk.
Impact of Depression
- Depression leads to increased suicide risk; 10-15% of severely depressed patients die by suicide.
- Depressed individuals are less motivated at work.
- In 2014-2015, 9.9 million workdays were missed due to stress, depression, or anxiety.
- Depression leads to company costs to cover the workload
- High treatment costs exist for patients.
- Increased diagnoses means more people need treatment.
- Antidepressant drugs and treatments cost the NHS £1.7 billion in 2007.
Genetic Explanation of Unipolar Depression
- People with a family history of depression are more likely to be diagnosed, indicating it can be inherited.
- A study by Craig Hyde (2016) supports this.
Twin Studies
- Peter McGuffin et al. (1996) researched this topic.
- Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes; if one twin is depressed, the other has a 46% chance of developing it.
- Dizygotic twins share 50% of their genes; if one is depressed, the other has a 20% chance of developing it.
- Not all family members of depressed individuals become depressed themselves.
- Some may have a genetic predisposition requiring a trigger (diathesis-stress model).
Strengths of Genetic Explanation
- Reduces stigma by showing people can't be blamed for their depression.
- Backed by lots of research.
Weaknesses of Genetic Explanation
- Deterministic, assumes certain genes inevitably cause depression.
- Reductionist, ignoring life events and other factors.
Beck's Cognitive Triad
- Cognitive theory explains depression through thought processes that influence behavior.
- Depression can be explained through negative thought patterns.
- The Triad: negative view of self, future, and the world.
Ellis's ABC Model
- Activating Event: Something bad happens, unsettling the person.
- Beliefs: Thoughts associated with the event; either rational/healthy or irrational/unhealthy.
- Consequences: Rational thoughts lead to positive emotional consequences; irrational thoughts lead to negative outcomes like depression.
Strengths of Cognitive Theory
- Combines nature and nurture
- Events explain why someone is depressed.
- Has real-life applications, used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat depression.
Weaknesses of Cognitive Theory
- Difficult to determine if irrational thoughts are a cause or a symptom.
- Can't explain some types of depression like postnatal depression.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Aims to change the patient’s thinking and behavior to improve symptoms.
- First stage: Patient discusses symptoms and feelings.
- Second stage: Challenges irrational thinking and helps recognize negative/positive thoughts.
- Patients attend several CBT sessions, attempting to change their thinking.
- NHS evidence from 2012 suggests CBT significantly improves symptoms.
Strengths of CBT
- There's evidence suggesting CBT is effective.
- Supported by Matthijs Beltman et al. (2010)
- Longer-lasting treatment than antidepressants.
- Patients learn to control symptoms by changing negative thoughts.
- Helps patients feel better by learning to deal with symptoms and no longer feel helpless.
- Helps patients learn to control their symptoms by changing negative thoughts.
Weaknesses of CBT
- Relies on patients wanting to change behavior, but depression causes lack of motivation.
- Ethical issues exist, some argue it’s unethical for therapists to challenge a patient’s thinking.
Drug Therapy
- Includes neurotransmitters, which pass messages between neurons.
- Noradrenaline is involved in mood and released when stressed.
Types of Antidepressants
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Block serotonin reuptake, improving mood.
- Serotonin and noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): Block reuptake of both, enhancing their effect.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Prevent breakdown of serotonin and noradrenaline, making more available.
- Tricyclics (TCAs): Boost serotonin and noradrenaline by preventing reabsorption.
Strengths of Drug Therapy
- Improves symptoms, enabling patients to access other therapies.
- Effective, The Royal College of Psychiatrists says 50-65% of patients with moderate to severe depression improve with antidepressants.
- Placebos improve similar symptoms for only 25-30% of patients.
Weaknesses of Drug Therapy
- Can have unpleasant side effects.
- MAOIs can cause dangerous side effects if combined with certain foods.
- Antidepressants can cause drowsiness, nausea, dizziness, and disturbed sleep.
- Tricyclics can be dangerous if too many are taken.
- Drugs improve symptoms but don’t address the cause of depression.
- Long-term outcomes of depression treatment are worsening; patients are likely to relapse.
Addiction
- When people feel they need a substance/activity to go about their normal routine.
- Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms when trying to quit.
Symptoms of Addiction
- At least 3 symptoms must be present for diagnosis.
- Dependence disorder symptoms includes a need to take the substance, ignoring evidence of harm, replacing activities with substance use.
- Tolerance: needing more to get the same effect.
- Symptoms includes stopping or reducing substance use & physical withdrawal symptoms.
- Behavioral addiction symptoms includes needing to do the activity regularly.
- Reducing the activity is very difficult.
- Patients ignore arguments that activity is unhealthy.
- Patients spend more time doing it instead of other activities.
Features of Addiction
- Public Health England stated 141,646 adults were treated for substance misuse in 2014-2015.
- Internet addiction is not recognized as a mental health problem but can be seen as a behavioral addiction.
- Young adults may be more prone to internet reliance.
Changes in Addiction Over Time
- Definition now includes internet and video game addiction.
- Society's relationship with drugs has changed.
- Opiates were once prescribed, now regular users are considered addicts.
- Addiction statistics are rising.
- Drugs are becoming cheaper to access.
Impact of Addiction
- Individuals: May ignore family and work, spend money on addiction instead of necessities.
- Society: Health issues and absenteeism, costing companies.
- Substance misuse costs the NHS £488 million.
- Addicts may commit crimes to fund addiction.
- Drug-related crimes cost the UK £13.9 billion a year, according to the NHS.
Genetic Explanation of Addiction
- Addiction is genetic, explaining why some become addicts and others don't when partaking in the same activity.
- Likelihood of addiction is higher in monozygotic twins, likelihood of addiction is higher than dizygotic twins.
- Adopted children with an addicted biological parent are more likely to become addicts.
- Adopted children are at higher risk if their adoptive family were addicted.
- DDR2 gene affects how the brain reacts to pleasure, linked to addiction.
Strengths of Genetic Explanation of Addiction
- Supported by scientific evidence. Twin and adoption studies are reliable.
- Explains why some are more prone to addiction.
Weaknesses of Genetic Explanation of Addiction
- Reductionist, ignoring social factors.
- Addiction in families could be due to shared environments.
- No single gene has been found.
- The DDR2 gene is also linked to autism.
Learning Theory of Addiction
- Behaviour is learned through association and experiences.
Classical Conditioning and Addiction
- Associations lead to addiction.
- When two things happen together, they become connected.
- Addicts associate positive feelings with a substance/activity and continue it due to the positive outcome.
Operant Conditioning and Addiction
- Involves learning via consequences.
- Rewards reinforce behavior, making them want to repeat it; avoiding negative feelings also reinforces addiction.
Social Learning Theory and Addiction
- Behavior is learned by observing others (role models).
- If a role model is addicted, the person is more likely to imitate the behavior.
Strengths of Learning Theory of Addiction
- Believes addiction is treatable/ the consequences can be relearned.
- Explains relapse due to associated situations.
Weaknesses of Learning Theory of Addiction
- Ignores biological factors.
- Doesn't explain why only some become addicts, even if most engage in the same activities.
- Some that partake in those actions/activities do not become addicted, even when others do.
- Social learning theory does not account for why some people may or may not be influenced.
Stages of CBT for Addiction
- Functional analysis: identify triggers.
- Skills training: develop coping skills for cravings, assertiveness to resist encouragement, and motivation to stop.
- The patient keeps a diary to make notes
- CBT can be combined with other therapies to reduce symptoms.
Strengths of CBT for Addiction
- Gives the patient control over stopping.
- There is evidence of the effectiveness of CBT.
- Supported by research showing long-term treatment.
Weaknesses of CBT for Addiction
- Patients must be motivated to change; one symptom of addiction makes stopping difficult.
- Although addicts can learn how to cope, it doesn't mean they will stop.
Drug Therapy for Addiction
- Detoxification: Medicine can reduce the effects of withdrawal.
- Withdrawal: Physical symptoms occur when stopping substance use.
- Drugs can reduce these effects and reduce relapse.
- Reducing cravings: Patients crave the substance due to nervous system dependence.
- Medications control these symptoms; methadone for heroin addicts, gums for smokers, and naltrexone for alcohol cravings.
- Treating underlying mental health problems: Address other problems like depression/anxiety with drugs to prevent relapse.
- Behavioral addiction: Addictions like gambling, internet use can be treated with drugs.
- Naltrexone for severe gambling addiction, lessens cravings.
- SSRIs increase serotonin to help control urges.
Strengths of Drug Therapy for Addiction
- There is research evidence the drug therapy used is effective.
- Helps patients access other therapies by dealing with withdrawal. Suck Won Kim et al. (2001) supports this.
Weaknesses of Drug Therapy for Addiction
- There is mixed evidence on the effectiveness of drug therapy.
- Drug therapy may worsen problems long-term by substituting addictions.
- John Krystal et al. (2001) finds no significant difference in relapse rates.
Caspi et al. (2003) Study on Life Stress and the 5-HTT Gene
- There is research evidence that stressful life events cause depression.
- Examined why some are more likely to be depressed due to genes causing low serotonin.
- Aims: To investigate why stressful life events seem to cause depression in some and not others & whether people with a certain 5-HTT variation were more prone to depression.
- Procedure: 847 people divided into three groups based on 5-HTT gene version, longitudinal study using questionnaires about events between 21st and 26th birthdays and depression symptoms before their 26th birthday.
- Results: Participants with at least one short version of the 5-HTT gene and stressful life events had increased depression symptoms.
- Those with the short gene version and stressful events were more likely to be diagnosed with depression compared to those with two long versions.
- Further, those with the short version more likely to develop suicidal thoughts.
- Those with two short gene versions were more likely to report severe depressive symptoms if facing more than 3 stressful events.
- Interaction exists between life events and genetic influences.
- Conclusion: Both nature and nurture work together.
Strengths of Caspi et al. (2003) Study
- Large sample size increases generalizability.
- Practical applications for doctors, showing different causes of depression.
Weaknesses of Caspi et al. (2003) Study
- Participants may put themselves in stressful situations.
- The short version of the 5-HTT gene may cause people to be prone to stressful situations.
- Evidence from questionnaires is self-report data which may not be reliable; some exaggerate, others downplay.
Young (2007) Study on CBT and Internet Addiction
- Internet addiction has only recently been seen as a mental health problem.
- Aims: The aim was to investigate CBT effectiveness for patients with internet addiction and how they improved after therapy.
- Procedure: 114 participants recruited, completed an Internet addiction test, given online CBT sessions, filled in questionnaires during the 3rd, 8th, and 12th sessions, rating behavior on a 5-point scale.
- Result: Slightly more males than females were included in the study.
- The majority of participants were educated to university level.
- Differences existed in which apps participants were addicted to: 30% of males were addicted to online pornography, 30% of females were addicted to chat rooms.
- For almost all participants, 96% said their biggest problem caused by their addiction was the time expenditure.
- Over 12 CBT sessions, the average quality rating of the CBT sessions improved.
- There was no significant drop in ratings 6 months post therapy.
- Conclusion: CBT can effectively treat internet addiction, as clients reported increased control.
Strengths of Young (2007) Study
- Illustrates online CBT sessions are useful for treating internet addiction.
- Encourages access to treatment.
- Uses the same questions and 5-point scale, allowing for behaviors to be assessed in the same way, is consistent and standardized.
Weaknesses of Young (2007) Study
- Clients filled in questionnaires, making the data less valid.
- They might lie on the questionnaire.
- Explains different types of internet addictions; Study only shows overall treatment outcomes with no breakdown.
Nature vs Nurture Debate
- Nature: Biological factors influencing behavior, genetic differences predetermine physical difference, genes determine how the body will develop.
- Nurture: Environmental factors influencing behavior, people are born as "blank slates," and all experiences influence behavior.
- Debate: Genes have a strong influence, supporting nature
- Caspi et al. (2003) found evidence that the short 5-HTT gene makes a person more likely to develop depression.
- The influence of genes explains why some people don't develop psychological problems.
- If genes influence behavior, then it would be difficult to stop addiction as we cannot change a person's genetic make-up.
- Depression is likely to return to a person even after treatment as they still have the gene which will trigger a relapse.
- Explanations supporting nurture include: cognitive explanation for depression & learning theory for addiction.
- Both explanations assume that problems are based on results/learning from events/ a person's environment.
- Therefore, these behaviors can be unlearned/new behaviors can be learned.
- Other explanations: Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used for both addiction and depression and nurture causes mental health problems.
- Caspi et al. (2003) found that a combination of the short version of the 5-HTT gene and a stressful live event increased the likelihood of depression.
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