Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the MOST common mechanism the body uses to maintain homeostasis?
Which of the following is the MOST common mechanism the body uses to maintain homeostasis?
- Water balance
- Negative feedback (correct)
- Hormonal regulation
- Positive feedback
Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a completely static internal environment, with no fluctuations.
Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a completely static internal environment, with no fluctuations.
False (B)
Name three examples of physiological parameters regulated by homeostasis.
Name three examples of physiological parameters regulated by homeostasis.
temperature regulation, water balance, blood pH
The hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its absorption into cells is ________.
The hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its absorption into cells is ________.
Match the following hormones with their primary roles in the body:
Match the following hormones with their primary roles in the body:
Which of the following best describes the role of hormones in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes the role of hormones in maintaining homeostasis?
Vasoconstriction is a mechanism the body uses to cool down when it is overheating.
Vasoconstriction is a mechanism the body uses to cool down when it is overheating.
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in water and electrolyte regulation?
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in water and electrolyte regulation?
In a situation of negative water balance, increased plasma osmolality leads to the sensation of ________ and the secretion of ADH.
In a situation of negative water balance, increased plasma osmolality leads to the sensation of ________ and the secretion of ADH.
Which of the following hormones are involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism?
Which of the following hormones are involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism?
Cortisol is primarily involved in rapid responses to immediate danger ('fight or flight').
Cortisol is primarily involved in rapid responses to immediate danger ('fight or flight').
Name two hormones that play a role in female reproductive functions.
Name two hormones that play a role in female reproductive functions.
__________ hormones are essential for brain development.
__________ hormones are essential for brain development.
Which hormone imbalance directly leads to diabetes?
Which hormone imbalance directly leads to diabetes?
Hypothyroidism results from an overproduction of thyroid hormones.
Hypothyroidism results from an overproduction of thyroid hormones.
List three common symptoms associated with diabetes.
List three common symptoms associated with diabetes.
Match each hormone with its effect on blood glucose levels:
Match each hormone with its effect on blood glucose levels:
Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by incretins (GLP-1, GLP-2, PYY)?
Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by incretins (GLP-1, GLP-2, PYY)?
Positive feedback loops always maintain stability in biological systems.
Positive feedback loops always maintain stability in biological systems.
Name the glands that are part of the endocrine system.
Name the glands that are part of the endocrine system.
Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
What is negative feedback?
What is negative feedback?
A mechanism where the output of a system causes a counter response to maintain equilibrium.
What is positive feedback?
What is positive feedback?
A mechanism where the output intensifies the response.
What are hormones?
What are hormones?
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What is insulin's role?
What is insulin's role?
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What is glucagon's role?
What is glucagon's role?
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What is thermoregulation?
What is thermoregulation?
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How does the body cool down?
How does the body cool down?
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How does the body warm up?
How does the body warm up?
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What is ADH?
What is ADH?
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What does aldosterone control?
What does aldosterone control?
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What is the endocrine system?
What is the endocrine system?
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What does thyroxine do?
What does thyroxine do?
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What is adrenaline's role?
What is adrenaline's role?
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What is cortisol's role?
What is cortisol's role?
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What is diabetes?
What is diabetes?
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What is hypothyroidism?
What is hypothyroidism?
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What do Hypothyroidism / Hyperthyroidism do?
What do Hypothyroidism / Hyperthyroidism do?
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What do insulin and glucagon do?
What do insulin and glucagon do?
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What do growth hormones do?
What do growth hormones do?
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Study Notes
- Homeostasis is how organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
- It's essential for cell and body system function
- Examples of things homeostasis regulates include temperature, water balance, and blood pH
Importance of Homeostasis
- It keeps conditions optimal for enzyme reactions
- Homeostasis ensures stable physiological functions
- It allows organisms to adapt to environmental changes
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
- Negative feedback loops are the most common (e.g., sweating to cool down)
- Positive feedback loops are less common (e.g., uterine contractions during childbirth)
Role of Hormones in Homeostasis
- Hormones are chemical messengers from endocrine glands
- They regulate physiological processes for homeostasis
- Insulin regulates blood sugar
- Adrenaline is involved in stress response
Blood Glucose Regulation
- Insulin (from the pancreas) lowers blood glucose by helping cells absorb it
- Glucagon (from the pancreas) raises blood glucose by releasing stored glucose from the liver
Thermoregulation
- Body temperature is maintained around 37°C (98.6°F)
- Sweating and vasodilation cool the body
- Shivering and vasoconstriction warm the body
Water and Electrolyte Regulation
- The kidneys are key for water balance
- ADH regulates water reabsorption
- Aldosterone controls sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
- Negative water balance leads to increased plasma osmolality, thirst, and ADH secretion
The Endocrine System
- Glands (thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands) secrete hormones into the blood
- It coordinates and regulates vital functions like growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Hormones and Metabolism
- Thyroxine (from the thyroid) increases basal metabolic rate
- Insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism
- Growth hormones impact protein and lipid metabolism
- Incretins (GLP-1, GLP-2, PYY) regulate food intake, digestion, glucose and lipid metabolism
Stress Hormones
- Adrenaline gives a rapid response to danger ("fight or flight")
- Cortisol handles long-term stress, metabolism, and immune regulation
- Linked to insulin resistance and oxidative stress
Reproductive Hormones
- Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
- Testosterone is for male sexual development
- FSH and LH stimulate gamete production (sperm and eggs)
Hormones and Development
- Growth hormones affect height and muscle mass
- Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development
- Sex hormones trigger puberty and secondary sexual characteristics
Hormonal Imbalances
- Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism affect metabolism
- Diabetes is due to poor insulin regulation
- Hormonal imbalances can affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Case Study: Diabetes
- It's a chronic metabolic disease from insulin deficiency/inefficiency
- Symptoms include high blood sugar, fatigue, excessive thirst, and weight loss
Case Study: Hypothyroidism
- It's caused by insufficient thyroid hormone production
- Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and mental slowing
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