Pharm Quiz Prep 1

Infectious disease primarily affecting lungs and other organs.

Pathogenic mycobacteria found in water and soil.

Inactive TB infection without symptoms or disease.

Symptomatic TB infection requiring treatment.

TB strains resistant to standard anti-TB drugs.

Resistant to most effective anti-TB medications.

Resistant to second-line anti-TB medications.

Spread of TB through inhalation of droplets.

Initial stage of TB after exposure.

MDR-TB poses significant risks to communities.

Healthcare provider observes medication ingestion.

Tests to detect TB bacteria in respiratory samples.

Persistent cough, fever, weight loss, night sweats.

Cure infection, prevent drug resistance, minimize transmission.

Critical for effective TB treatment outcomes.

Increased susceptibility to TB infections.

Guidelines for TB control and treatment.

Educate, administer medications, track contacts.

Minimum of 6 months for active TB.

Regular assessments for adverse effects and compliance.

Immigration, immunosuppression, and crowded living conditions.

HIV increases risk of developing active TB.

Delayed diagnosis contributes to drug resistance.

Primary medications for treating TB infections.

Used when first-line drugs are ineffective.

1.5 million deaths from TB in 2020.

Educate and support patients for treatment adherence.

The study of how the body processes a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

A class of antibiotics that includes erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.

Prototype macrolide with broad tissue distribution.

Inhibits bacterial growth without killing them.

Kills bacteria, depending on the concentration.

Effective against positive cocci bacteria.

Liver dysfunction affecting drug metabolism.

Severe health condition impacting drug efficacy.

Unwanted reactions from medication use.

Conditions preventing safe drug use.

Macrolide used for various infections.

Macrolide effective against respiratory infections.

Macrolide primarily for C. difficile infections.

Miscellaneous anti-infective for gastrointestinal infections.

Oxazolidinone effective against resistant bacteria.

Lipoglycopeptide for skin and soft tissue infections.

Glycylcycline for multi-drug resistant infections.

Glycopeptide antibiotic for serious infections.

Tests to identify bacterial resistance.

Limited range of effective bacteria.

Educating patients on medication use and effects.

Treat serious gram(−) infections, poorly absorbed orally.

Prototype aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Synthetic drugs, effective against gram(−) and gram(+) organisms.

Prototype fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

Kill bacteria rather than inhibit growth.

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Delivers drugs via injection for wider distribution.

Kidney damage due to high aminoglycoside concentrations.

Hearing loss from aminoglycoside accumulation in the inner ear.

Excreted unchanged in urine, not metabolized.

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by penetrating cell walls.

Serious infections like septicemia and meningitis.

Metabolized mainly in kidneys and liver.

Fluoroquinolones interfere with this process for bacterial growth.

Treat infections in respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.

Include hypersensitivity and use in children under 18.

Based on specific organism causing the infection.

Monitored based on serum concentration, peak and trough.

Identify high-risk patients and detect issues early.

Keep patients well-hydrated to reduce toxicity.

Includes children, older adults, and patients with kidney issues.

Limit aminoglycoside use to 10 days unless necessary.

Chemical structure essential for antibacterial activity.

Effectiveness against bacterial infections.

First developed antibiotics, effective against gram(+) bacteria.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from fungi.

Effective against resistant gram(−) bacteria.

Active against gram(−) bacteria, minimal side effects.

Protect penicillins from destruction by enzymes.

Potential allergic reaction to related antibiotics.

Effective against gram(−) organisms, available orally.

Used for surgical prophylaxis and various infections.

Allergic reactions and cross-sensitivity with cephalosporins.

Effective drug levels in body fluids.

Drug levels in the eye, often low.

Quick elimination from the body via kidneys.

Increasing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

Preventive antibiotic use during surgery.

Blood infection requiring aggressive antibiotic treatment.

Antibiotic therapy management outside hospital settings.

Based on infection severity and causative organism.

An unpleasant, uncomfortable sensation that usually indicates tissue damage.

Drugs that provide pain relief by affecting people's perception and tolerance of moderate to severe pain.

Causes of pain include nerve damage, tissue injury, cancer, and surgery.

Tissue damage activates pain receptors in peripheral nerves.

Pain receptors in peripheral nerves that are activated by tissue damage.

To feel pain, signals must travel from nociceptors in peripheral tissue to the spinal cord and then to the brain.

CNS's own system for relieving pain by suppressing pain signals from peripheral nerves.

Self-reporting is the gold standard of pain assessment measurement affected by mood, sleep disturbances, fatigue, medications, culture, gender, age, and other psychosocial factors.

Opioid analgesics inhibit adenylate cyclase, reduce perception of pain sensations in the brain, decrease emotional upset, and inhibit production of pain and inflammation.

Prototype opioid analgesic used mainly to relieve acute or chronic moderate to severe pain.

A method of pain management that allows patients to control their pain relief.

5 to 7 hours for morphine sulfate.

Morphine sulfate is well absorbed after oral (PO), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous, and intravenous (IV) administration.

A condition that develops with the use of opioid analgesics, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Include opioid agonists, agonists/antagonists, and antagonists.

Include visual analog scales, verbal or numerical rating scales, and picture scales.

Binds to receptors to block transmission of pain impulses.

Mu, kappa, and delta.

Analgesia, CNS depression, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and physical dependence.

Prevent or relieve moderate to severe acute or chronic pain.

Acute MI, biliary or renal colic, burns, other traumatic injuries, postoperative states, and cancer.

Pre- and postoperative sedation, decreased anxiety, facilitates anesthesia induction, and decreases amount of anesthesia needed.

Indication for opioid use.

Indication for opioid use.

Indication for opioid use including abdominal cramping and diarrhea.

Indication for opioid use.

Hypersensitivity to opioids, existing respiratory depression, acute or chronic lung disease, upper airway obstruction, concurrent use of MAOs, and pregnancy.

Use cautiously with hypotension, thyroid dysfunction, liver or kidney disease, increased intracranial pressure and head injury, seizure disorder, severe alcoholism, and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants.

Most opioid analgesics are Schedule II drugs because they may lead to drug abuse or dependence.

Medications that increase urine formation and output.

Conditions like heart failure and kidney disease that cause fluid retention in the body.

Conditions like hypertension that don't primarily cause fluid retention.

The functional unit of the kidney, composed of the glomerulus and tubule.

The process of filtering blood in the nephron.

The process of reclaiming water and solutes from the filtrate.

The process of adding substances to the filtrate.

Diuretics that act on the loop of Henle in the kidney, like furosemide.

Diuretics that act on the distal tubule in the kidney, like hydrochlorothiazide.

Diuretics that conserve potassium, like spironolactone.

Diuretics that increase the osmolarity in the nephron, like mannitol.

The minimum amount of urine a person should produce daily to remove metabolic waste.

Low potassium levels can negatively affect the heart.

This involves using potassium-sparing diuretics and potassium supplements.

Excess potassium levels that can be harmful to the heart.

This involves avoiding potassium supplements and maintaining sufficient urine output.

Decreasing plasma volume to reduce the amount of fluid buildup in the body.

The choice of diuretic depends on the patient's condition and the desired effect.

Fixed-dose combinations of diuretics with antihypertensives.

Excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues.

Groups like children and older adults who require special considerations when using diuretics.

Conditions that affect the kidney's ability to filter and excrete waste products.

The process of eliminating excess fluid from the body.

Diuretics that can cause an electrolyte imbalance, particularly a decrease in potassium levels.

These drugs can cause a build-up of uric acid in the body, potentially leading to gout.

The use of diuretics to relieve fluid overload and associated symptoms.

A substance that causes the body to eliminate more fluid, especially through urine.

The use of diuretics to prevent the development of fluid overload.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that influence various bodily functions.

The state of balance maintained by the body's normal production of corticosteroids.

Medications synthesized from corticosteroids to mimic their effects.

Type of corticosteroid involved in metabolism and controlling inflammation.

Type of corticosteroid that regulates electrolyte balance and fluid levels.

The primary mineralocorticoid that regulates salt and water balance.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that influence secondary sexual characteristics.

Male hormones responsible for muscle mass and strength.

Female hormones with limited physiological effects in males.

The process of producing corticosteroids, controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

A system where hormone secretion is regulated based on the body's needs.

Using corticosteroids in high doses to achieve specific physiological effects.

The ability of glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation.

The ability of corticosteroids to suppress the immune response.

Treatment aimed at relieving symptoms without curing the underlying condition.

Factors like the purpose of treatment, medication characteristics, and patient needs that guide medication choice.

Guidelines that aim for the smallest effective dose for the shortest duration.

Delivering medication directly to the target area to minimize systemic effects.

A strategy where a double dose is given every other day, reducing side effects.

Using high doses for a short period to treat a condition.

Using tapered doses over a longer period to manage an ongoing condition.

Corticosteroids are contraindicated due to the risk of worsening infection.

The frequency of medication administration is important to minimize adverse effects.

A major risk associated with long-term high-dose corticosteroid therapy.

Specialized proteins in the body that corticosteroids bind to, influencing gene activity.

The normal functions maintained by small doses of corticosteroids.