The Roaring Twenties: Conflicts and Technology

• Election of 1920 heralded a desire for stability after World War I.
• "Return to Normalcy" was Warren G. Harding's campaign promise, reflecting a desire to go back to pre-war America.
• The Presidents during the 1920s were Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover.

Social/Cultural Conflicts of the 1920s

• Tradition clashed with innovation.
• There was urban versus rural lifestyles.
• Scientific modernism conflicted with fundamentalism.
• Management struggled with labor.
• Native-born citizens were in conflict with immigrants.
• There was white versus black citizens.
• Idealism versus disillusionment.

New Technology

• Radio became a popular form of entertainment and communication.
• The car transformed transportation and lifestyles.
• Airplanes began to emerge as a mode of travel.
• Movies offered a new form of entertainment.
• The Red Scare of 1919-1920 was a period of intense anti-communism.
• The Palmer Raids were government attempts to suppress radical elements.
• The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) resurged, targeting African Americans, immigrants, and other groups.
• Immigration Acts of 1924 and 1929 restricted immigration, especially from certain regions.
• Prohibition was established by the 18th Amendment.
• Gangsters like Al Capone rose to power due to bootlegging.
• The Scopes Monkey Trial was a legal battle over fundamentalism versus evolution.
• Fundamentalism clashed with evolution.

Mass Consumption Economy

• Advertising became more widespread and persuasive.
• Buying on credit allowed people to purchase more goods.
• Scientific Management aimed to improve efficiency in the workplace.
• The Assembly Line increased production speed and volume.

Changes in Lifestyles and Values

• Flappers challenged traditional gender roles.
• Margaret Sanger advocated for birth control.
• The Harlem Renaissance celebrated African American culture.
• Jazz music emerged as a defining sound of the era.
• Marcus Garvey promoted black nationalism.
• Modernism influenced art and literature.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald captured the spirit of the Jazz Age.
• Ernest Hemingway wrote with a stark, minimalist style.
• The "Lost Generation" expressed disillusionment after World War I.
• The Washington Naval Conference sought to limit naval arms.
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) was an agreement to outlaw war.
• The Dawes Plan (1924) addressed German reparations after World War I.
• Manchuria was invaded by Japan in 1931.
• The Stimson Doctrine (1932) declared the U.S. would not recognize territories gained by force.

Good Neighbor Policy

• Hoover's initiative aimed to improve relations with Latin America.
• FDR’s continued the policy.
• "Rugged Individualism" was Hoover's belief in self-reliance.
• The Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) raised tariffs, worsening the Great Depression.
• The Stock Market Crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
• Hoovervilles were shantytowns of homeless people during the Depression.
• Hoover's response evolved from initial inaction to limited intervention.
• The Bonus Army March (1932) was a protest by WWI veterans seeking early payment of bonuses.
• A "limited welfare state" began to develop in response to the Depression.
• Modern American liberalism emerged as a response to the crisis.
• Franklin Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, promising a "New Deal".
• Eleanor Roosevelt was an active and influential First Lady.

First New Deal

• The Glass-Steagall Act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
• The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) sought to raise farm prices by limiting production.
• The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) developed the Tennessee River Valley through dams and power plants.
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided jobs for young men in conservation projects.
• The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) aimed to stimulate industry and protect workers.
• The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to regulate the stock market.

Second New Deal

• The Works Progress Administration (WPA) provided jobs in public works projects.
• The Resettlement Administration (RA) assisted farmers in relocating.
• The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Wagner Act, protected workers' rights to unionize.
• Social Security provided old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to families.
• The Hundred Days refers to the first months of FDR's presidency, marked by rapid legislative action.
• Relief, recovery, and reform were the goals of the New Deal.
• A Bank Holiday was declared to stabilize the banking system.
• Father Coughlin was a controversial radio priest who criticized the New Deal.
• Huey Long was a populist politician who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program.
• Keynesian Economics, advocated for government intervention in the economy.
• Court Packing was FDR's attempt to add justices to the Supreme Court.
• Fireside chats were FDR's radio addresses to the American people.
• The Dust Bowl was an ecological disaster that devastated the Great Plains.
• The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 aimed to restore tribal lands and self-government.

New Technology during WWII

• Sonar and radar were developed for detecting submarines and aircraft.
• The atomic bomb was developed as part of the Manhattan Project.
• The Holocaust was the genocide of Jews and other groups by Nazi Germany.
• Fascism is a political ideology characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism.
• Totalitarianism is a system of government that seeks total control over society.
• Benito Mussolini was the fascist dictator of Italy.
• Adolf Hitler was the Nazi dictator of Germany.
• Japanese militarists sought to expand Japan's empire through aggression.
• The Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was Japan's vision for an Asian bloc.
• The America First Committee advocated for the U.S. to stay out of World War II.
• The Munich Conference involved the appeasement of Hitler by Britain and France.
• FDR's Quarantine Speech called for isolating aggressor nations.
• The Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) was a non-aggression agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union.
• The U.S. Neutrality Acts aimed to keep the U.S. out of the war.
• The Battle of Britain was a series of air battles between Britain and Germany.
• Selective Service (1940) established a military draft in the U.S.
• The U.S. became the "Arsenal of Democracy," supplying arms to Allied nations.
• The Four Freedoms, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
• The Lend-Lease Act (1941) allowed the U.S. to provide aid to Allied nations.
• The Atlantic Charter outlined Allied goals for the postwar world.
• Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, drawing the U.S. into World War II.
• Japanese internment involved the forced relocation of Japanese Americans to camps.
• Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment.
• The U.S. mobilized its industry and military for war.
• The War Production Board oversaw the conversion of factories to war production.
• The Office of Price Administration controlled prices and rationed goods.
• The National War Labor Board mediated labor disputes.
• WACs and WAVES were women's branches of the U.S. Army and Navy.
• Women played a crucial role in the workforce, symbolized by "Rosie the Riveter".
• The Bracero Program brought Mexican workers to the U.S. to fill labor shortages.
• The Zoot Suit Riots involved violence against Mexican Americans in Los Angeles.
• Wartime migrations saw large numbers of people moving to industrial centers.
• The war significantly boosted the U.S. economy.
• The "Europe First" strategy prioritized defeating Germany.
• 1942 was a turning point year in the war.
• The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval victory for the U.S. against Japan.
• Stalingrad marked a turning point on the Eastern Front.
• The North Africa campaign led to the defeat of Axis forces in North Africa.
• Island Hopping was a strategy used by the U.S. in the Pacific.
• The Casablanca conference was between FDR and Churchill.
• The Tehran conference was between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin.
• D-Day was the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.
• The Battle of the Bulge was Germany's last major offensive.
• V-E Day, May 8, 1945, marked the end of the war in Europe.
• The Manhattan Project developed the atomic bomb.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed by the U.S. in August 1945.
• V-J Day, September 2, 1945, marked the end of World War II.

Explore the social and cultural conflicts of the 1920s, including urban versus rural lifestyles and clashes between modernism and fundamentalism. Examine new technologies like radio and cars, and the Red Scare's impact on American society.