Podcast
Questions and Answers
The Enlightenment emphasized the use of ______ and scientific methods to understand the world.
The Enlightenment emphasized the use of ______ and scientific methods to understand the world.
reason
John Locke advocated for natural rights, including the right to overthrow an ______ government.
John Locke advocated for natural rights, including the right to overthrow an ______ government.
unjust
According to Rousseau, the ______ contract is an agreement between individuals and their government.
According to Rousseau, the ______ contract is an agreement between individuals and their government.
social
The Third Estate, comprised of the bourgeoisie & peasants, was the only estate required to pay ______.
The Third Estate, comprised of the bourgeoisie & peasants, was the only estate required to pay ______.
The storming of the ______ in 1789 was a symbolic start of the French Revolution.
The storming of the ______ in 1789 was a symbolic start of the French Revolution.
The ______ of Terror was a period of extreme violence and political repression led by Robespierre.
The ______ of Terror was a period of extreme violence and political repression led by Robespierre.
Louis XVI was tried for treason and executed by ______.
Louis XVI was tried for treason and executed by ______.
Napoleon seized power in a ______ d'état, bringing an end to the French Revolution.
Napoleon seized power in a ______ d'état, bringing an end to the French Revolution.
The absolute ______ was abolished in France, leading to a republic.
The absolute ______ was abolished in France, leading to a republic.
The ______ inspired revolutionary movements across Europe and Latin America.
The ______ inspired revolutionary movements across Europe and Latin America.
The ______ was a representative assembly in pre-revolutionary France.
The ______ was a representative assembly in pre-revolutionary France.
The ______ was formed by the Third Estate during the French Revolution.
The ______ was formed by the Third Estate during the French Revolution.
______ Louverture was a former enslaved person who led the Haitian Revolution.
______ Louverture was a former enslaved person who led the Haitian Revolution.
Haiti became the first Black ______ in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti became the first Black ______ in the Western Hemisphere.
______ ideas spread to Latin America, inspiring revolutionary movements.
______ ideas spread to Latin America, inspiring revolutionary movements.
Simón BolÃvar, known as 'El Libertador', led independence movements in South ______.
Simón BolÃvar, known as 'El Libertador', led independence movements in South ______.
Flashcards
Reason and Science
Reason and Science
Using reason and scientific methods to understand the world.
Natural Rights
Natural Rights
The idea that people are born with rights that can't be taken away, like the right to life, freedom, and property.
Social Contract
Social Contract
The agreement people make with their government, where they give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order.
Republicanism
Republicanism
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What caused the French Revolution?
What caused the French Revolution?
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Social Inequality in France
Social Inequality in France
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Estates General & National Assembly
Estates General & National Assembly
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Storming of the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
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What is Constitutionalism?
What is Constitutionalism?
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What were the Estates General?
What were the Estates General?
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What is the National Assembly?
What is the National Assembly?
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What is "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"?
What is "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"?
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What was the Guillotine?
What was the Guillotine?
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What was the Haitian Revolution?
What was the Haitian Revolution?
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Who was Toussaint Louverture?
Who was Toussaint Louverture?
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What is the significance of Enlightenment Ideas in Latin American Revolutions?
What is the significance of Enlightenment Ideas in Latin American Revolutions?
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Study Notes
The Enlightenment
- Emphasized reason and scientific methods for understanding the world.
- Argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) inherent to all humans.
- Proposed a social contract: individuals surrender freedoms for government protection.
- Promoted Republicanism (leaders chosen by citizens).
- Influential thinkers: John Locke (natural rights, overthrow unjust gov't), Thomas Hobbes (humans naturally bad, need order), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (social contract, common good), Cesare Beccaria (rights of the accused), Mary Wollstonecraft (women's rights), Voltaire (freedom of speech, religion), Baron de Montesquieu (separation of powers).
The French Revolution
- Causes: Financial crisis (deficit spending, lavish court, tax exemptions) , Unfit King and Queen (seen as out of touch), Social inequality (Third Estate resented privileges of First and Second Estates).
- First Estate: Clergy
- Second Estate: Nobility
- Third Estate: Bourgeoisie and Peasants
- Enlightenment Influence: ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty fueled revolution.
- Key Events:
- Estates General (1789): King Louis XVI called a meeting.
- National Assembly (1789): Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, creating a new constitution.
- Storming of the Bastille (1789): Symbolic start of the revolution.
- Reign of Terror (1793-1794): Period of extreme violence and repression.
- Execution of Louis XVI (1793): Tried for treason and executed.
- Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799): Ended the revolution via coup d'état.
- Impact: Ended French monarchy, spread Enlightenment ideas, fostered nationalism.
The Haitian Revolution
- Context: French colony (Saint Domingue) that relied on enslaved African labor for crops like sugar.
- Nature: Successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial rebellion.
- Key Figure: Toussaint Louverture (former enslaved person, revolution leader).
- Outcome: Haiti gained independence in 1804, first Black republic in the Western Hemisphere.
- Significance: Inspired other slave revolts and abolitionist movements.
Latin American Revolutions
- Context: Latin American colonies ruled by Spain and Portugal.
- Causes: Enlightenment ideas (self-governance), rigid social hierarchy (Peninsulares, Creoles, indigenous/mixed-race), Napoleon's conquests weakened Spanish control.
- Key Figures: Simón BolÃvar ("El Libertador"), José de San MartÃn.
- Outcomes: Several Latin American countries gained independence.
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Description
Explore the key concepts and influential thinkers of the Enlightenment, as well as the major causes and social dynamics of the French Revolution. Delve into ideas about natural rights, social contracts, and the structure of society during this pivotal time in history. Test your knowledge of these profound developments that shaped modern governance and human rights.
