Technologies in Self-Development Courseware

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)?

Facilitating group collaboration in learning.

Delivering commercial licensed courseware.

Providing standardized instruction for all learners.

Offering immediate, customized instruction or feedback. (correct)

Which of the following best describes commercial courseware?

Provided free of charge to all users.

Ready-made, licensed, and sold by companies. (correct)

Only available for academic institutions.

Developed for specific groups by collaborative teams.

What is a function of concordancing tools in language learning?

To analyze and extract instances of given words from a corpus. (correct)

To provide comprehensive grammar instruction.

To assess learner performance in exams.

To create narratives for creative writing.

What does the term 'data-driven' refer to in the context of corpus-based tools?

Offering students access to examples that meet specific writing needs. Signup and view all the answers

Which technology involves providing automated corrective feedback for writing?

Automated Writing Evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does Turnitin assist with writing strategy?

With game-based and essay-based learning modules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component of well-designed Intelligent Tutoring Systems?

Convenient access to individualized practice. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of creativity is emphasized in the definition provided?

The originality of the creator's work. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of divergent thinking refers to the number of different ideas generated?

Fluency Signup and view all the answers

What is the main drawback of measuring fluency in divergent thinking tests?

It correlates with other factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is NOT part of Warschauer & Healey's model of CALL?

Creative CALL Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Normalization' refer to in the context of technology?

The stage when technology is taken for granted. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of divergent thinking involves the richness of detail in ideas?

Elaboration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Originality' in divergent thinking?

The frequency of ideas on other people's lists. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'agency' refer to in the context of accuracy and fluency?

The involvement and control in learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ideational fluency as tested in the Torrance Test?

Quickly listing items in a specific category Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the initial response of users to new technologies?

Skepticism Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Closed Restricted CALL?

Drills and quizzes Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental aspect of Tutorial CALL?

Evaluation of responses Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm does NOT distinguish between different error types?

String-matching Signup and view all the answers

What does Integrated CALL primarily focus on?

Flexible interaction and games Signup and view all the answers

Which pedagogical approach emphasizes learner-computer interaction?

Intelligent CALL (ICALL) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the early model of Tutorial CALL?

Higher order thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of ICALL?

It involves natural language processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is one principle of Data-Driven Learning?

Exposure for specific linguistics to create generalizations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the inductive approach in language learning?

Learners actively hunt for and define patterns in language Signup and view all the answers

What role does Computer-Mediated Communication play in language learning?

It provides similar benefits as face-to-face classrooms Signup and view all the answers

How does the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning suggest learners should engage with new content?

By selecting and integrating suitable words and images Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'noticing' in language acquisition?

It is crucial for understanding accents and improving overall language skills Signup and view all the answers

What does the sociocultural approach emphasize in the digital reading environment?

Social interactions and co-construction of understanding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the new view of choices in language learning?

Focus solely on grammatical correctness Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of reading does digital technology enhance according to the provided content?

Encouraging annotation to aid vocabulary learning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Technologies Stockwell

Self-development courseware
Online activities
Commercial/freeware
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
Individual study tools & mobile/portable devices for success
Self-developed courseware designed by collaborative teams for a specific group
Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) provide immediate customized instruction or feedback
Multimedia glosses, computational linguistics, information retrieval, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and discourse processing
Well-designed ITS provide convenient access to individualized practice models, good problem-solving, and learner-based needs

Commercial Courseware

Ready-made, licensed, and sold by companies
Longman English online
Quartet online

Concordancing Tools

Corpus analysis extracts word instances from a corpus database
Lists words and combinations
Contextual enhancement with textual glosses, seeking productive vocabulary, awareness of collocation lexis, and passive academics

Automated Writing Evaluation

Native speakers write more accurately with automated corrective feedback.
Uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning
Criterion writing instruction in K-12 programs, holistic scores
E-rater diagnostics, style, and organization development
Web-based writing feedback pools

Turnitin/Writing Pal

Plagiarism/writing strategy instruction tool
Four principals: strategy, modularity, extended practice, and formative feedback
Learning modules (game-based, essay-based corpus)
Data-driven tools for example access

Technology ~ Creativity

Creativity is anything a person does in an original and appropriate way that caters to a specific goal (and intended for the creator)
Intentional limitations on human creativity
Appropriateness: Meaningful to the creator, regardless of unconsciousness or context
Divergent thinking: Wide array of techniques for idea production, unusual and original ideas

Ideational Fluency

Quickly naming things that fit a specific category (Torrance test)
Divergent thinking and creativity are synonymous but creativity has more potential
Components of divergent thinking
- Fluency (number of different ideas)
- Flexibility (variety among ideas)
- Originality (how unusual the ideas are)
- Elaboration (richness of detail in ideas)

CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)

Warschauer & Healey's 3 phases of CALL (structural, communicative, integrative)
Mainframe, PCs, Grammar/Translation/Audiolingual, structural language, and drill & practice
Accuracy, fluency, and agency; Multimedia, Web-based, Content-Based, ESP/EAP, and Authentic Discourse

Unclear Criteria

Contradictions between CT&CALL and communicative CALL.
Communicative language use methodology as a language-teaching technique.
Normalization: a technology becomes invisible when widely adopted and taken for granted (PALL & BALL). Early adopters - try once, ignorance/skepticism, try again, normalization
Restricted CALL refers not only to the software and underlying theories, but also the teacher's role of activity types and feedback

CALL (Content, Type, of Task)

CALL drills, games, simulations, interacting with C, occasional interactions for flexibility
Integrated CALL/webpage frequent interactions, interpreting, evaluating factors, evaluating factors, evaluating factor, and interpreting
Evaluating factors, skill development, and adapting to mixed media.

Grammar Teaching

Explicit/implicit grammar teaching methodologies
Metalanguage and interpersonal knowledge
Technologies - learner-centered, self-discovery, and autonomy
Four Pedagogies (Tutorial CALL, Intelligent CALL, Data-Driven Learning, and Computer-Mediated Communication)
Tutorial CALL - the role of tutor, evaluation responses, presenting material
Deductive method: short sentences, grammar isolation, fill-in-the-blank, matches, and small chunks

Common Algorithms

String matching (doesn't distinguish between different error types)
Pattern matching (non-syntactic comparison with stored strings, variations and inversion)
Shortcoming (cannot explain unanticipated errors)
Error anticipation (Contrastive analysis , pre-defined error messages, and generic feedback)
Computerized CALL and increased sophistication in NLP

Corpora and Data-Driven Learning

Applied to language learning since the 1960s
Indirect (reference grammar, actual language usage)
Direct (corpus usage-based grammar)
Principles for creating rules and generalzations: lexicogrammar, teaching intertwined with lexicon, making choices among possible grammatical alternatives, and salient input
Data-driven learning: Learners' independent approach in pattern-hunting and defining patterns, autonomy through process, reflection on the relation between learner and content of learning

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)

CMC is a crucial driving force and inter-personal communication.
This technique is similar to face-to-face classrooms but offers clarification/feedback opportunities for learners
Features planning time, revisions, and monitoring opportunities
Social dimension of reading: text exchange, construction, and understanding. Learners using CMC may gain insights into understanding sociocultural milieu, active participation, and interaction. Cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociocultural approach.
Online research using multimedia scaffold, activating prior knowledge, affecting vocabulary learning. Noticing accents are important in acquisition
Noticing features compare reader performance in computerized learning materials with that of traditional papers

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Description

This quiz explores various technologies used in self-development courseware, emphasizing intelligent tutoring systems and computer-mediated communication. Understand how these tools enhance individual learning and provide customized feedback. Delve into commercial courseware options and concordancing tools for effective vocabulary learning.