Studies on Relationships: Gottman & Bradbury
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Questions and Answers

What negative impact can predicting the future of a marriage have on the relationship?

It can harm the relationship by creating uncertainty and stress for the couple.

In the study by Bradbury and Fincham, what communication pattern was observed among couples in happy relationships?

Happy couples engaged in relationship-enhancing patterns and did not blame their partners.

What were the criteria for couples participating in Bradbury and Fincham's study?

Couples had to be married, living together, and not have undergone marriage counseling.

What correlation was found between levels of marital satisfaction and communication patterns?

<p>Lower marital satisfaction was associated with more distress-maintaining communication patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the study's findings regarding marital dissatisfaction and communication?

<p>The bidirectional ambiguity makes it unclear whether dissatisfaction causes poor communication or vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor did Gottman's study identify as crucial for relationship success?

<p>Communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is crucial for relationship success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Gottman measure the emotional states of couples during discussions?

<p>Gottman used the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) to measure positive and negative effects during conversations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of Gottman's study?

<p>The main aim was to predict whether a couple would end up divorced based on a brief conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is informed consent important in studies about personal relationships?

<p>Informed consent ensures that participants agree to the study voluntarily and are fully aware of what it involves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common ethical issue relates to undue stress in Gottman’s study?

<p>The study risks causing mental harm by provoking conflicts between couples during discussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pattern was observed in couples who later divorced according to Gottman’s findings?

<p>Couples who divorced displayed more negative emotions and less positive emotions during their conversations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the results of Gottman's study have cultural bias?

<p>The study only involved couples from Seattle, limiting its generalizability to other cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long did the researchers follow up with the couples in Gottman's study?

<p>Researchers followed the couples for six years to check on their marital status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Relationship-enhancing Communication

Partners in happy relationships explain their partner's actions by focusing on external factors, like a stressful day. They believe that behavior is situational, not intentional.

Distress-Maintaining Communication

Partners in unhappy relationships blame each other's personalities. They believe bad behavior comes from their partner's inherent traits.

Bradbury & Fincham Study

The study by Bradbury and Fincham observed 47 married couples to analyze the connection between communication patterns and marital satisfaction.

Bidirectional Ambiguity

It's unclear if poor communication causes marital dissatisfaction or if dissatisfaction leads to bad communication.

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Confounding Variables

Factors outside the study that could influence the results, making the conclusions less certain.

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Longitudinal Study

A type of research study that observes participants over a long period, often years, to track changes and outcomes.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency for researchers to unintentionally look for and find evidence that supports their pre-existing expectations, even if that evidence is not truly there.

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Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF)

A method used in Dr. Gottman's study to analyze the emotional tone of conversations, focusing on both positive and negative expressions.

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Positive Affect

Emotional expressions that convey positive feelings, such as interest, validation, and affection during a conversation.

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Negative Affect

Emotional expressions that convey negative feelings, such as contempt, disgust, and anger during a conversation.

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Undue Stress and Harm

A concern in research where the study itself might cause harm or distress to participants, particularly in personal relationships.

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Informed Consent

The process of ensuring participants willingly and knowingly agree to participate in a research study.

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Generalizability

The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other individuals or populations.

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Study Notes

Studies on Relationships

  • Studies examined relationships, focusing on factors like protection from harm, informed consent, and the sources of happiness and unhappiness within relationships.

Gottman Study (Study 1)

  • Gottman's study investigates communication in relationships.
  • Communication (both verbal and non-verbal) is crucial in successful partnerships.
  • Researchers used methods to predict divorce likelihood, observing couple interactions.
  • A coding system (SPAFF) measured positive and negative emotions during discussions.
  • A study of 124 newlywed couples revealed that communication patterns significantly influenced relationship outcomes.
  • Couples who communicated effectively maintained positive relationships, while those with negative interactions had higher likelihoods of divorce.
  • Couples struggling with relationship problems were monitored over six years to determine if their predicted results matched their actual experiences.

Bradbury and Fincham Study (Study 2)

  • Bradbury and Fincham focused on relationship communication patterns and their impact on happiness and conflict resolution.
  • Happy couples tended to attribute behaviour to situational factors.
  • Unhappy couples frequently blamed their partners' personality qualities.
  • A 47-couple study looked at verbal and non-verbal communication, identifying relationship-enhancing and distress-maintaining patterns.
  • Couples with lower marital satisfaction displayed greater distress-maintaining communication behaviors.
  • These studies emphasized the importance of effective communication and the impact of miscommunication patterns on relationship satisfaction.

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Description

Explore key research studies on relationships, focusing on communication patterns and their impact on relationship success. The quiz delves into Gottman's study on newlywed couples and the long-term effects of communication styles, as well as additional insights from Bradbury and Fincham. Test your understanding of these important findings.

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