Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happens to hemoglobin during hemolysis?
What happens to hemoglobin during hemolysis?
Which condition is associated with both muscle injury and the release of myoglobin?
Which condition is associated with both muscle injury and the release of myoglobin?
What systemic sign is commonly observed in animals with kidney disease?
What systemic sign is commonly observed in animals with kidney disease?
How does vomiting relate to kidney failure?
How does vomiting relate to kidney failure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following may contribute to gradual weight loss in animals with chronic kidney disease?
Which of the following may contribute to gradual weight loss in animals with chronic kidney disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one potential consequence of uremia associated with decreased erythropoietin production?
What is one potential consequence of uremia associated with decreased erythropoietin production?
Signup and view all the answers
Which electrolyte imbalance is NOT associated with uremia?
Which electrolyte imbalance is NOT associated with uremia?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes chronic renal failure compared to acute renal failure?
What characterizes chronic renal failure compared to acute renal failure?
Signup and view all the answers
What acid-base disturbance is primarily linked to kidney failure?
What acid-base disturbance is primarily linked to kidney failure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with uremic toxins?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with uremic toxins?
Signup and view all the answers
What cardiovascular effect might arise from hyperkalemia due to kidney dysfunction?
What cardiovascular effect might arise from hyperkalemia due to kidney dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is a primary clinical sign of acute renal failure?
Which is a primary clinical sign of acute renal failure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following metabolic effects is most closely related to impaired kidney function?
Which of the following metabolic effects is most closely related to impaired kidney function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of inappropriate urination in cats?
What is a potential consequence of inappropriate urination in cats?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with polydipsia?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with polydipsia?
Signup and view all the answers
What does urinary incontinence indicate in cats?
What does urinary incontinence indicate in cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What does polydipsia indicate when it occurs alongside polyuria?
What does polydipsia indicate when it occurs alongside polyuria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of primary polydipsia?
What is the primary cause of primary polydipsia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is commonly observed in cats with polydipsia?
Which symptom is commonly observed in cats with polydipsia?
Signup and view all the answers
What may result from urinary incontinence in cats?
What may result from urinary incontinence in cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the contributing factors to urinary incontinence in spayed female cats?
What is one of the contributing factors to urinary incontinence in spayed female cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of dysuria in animals?
What is the primary cause of dysuria in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which clinical sign is characterized by straining or difficulty during urination?
Which clinical sign is characterized by straining or difficulty during urination?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes polyuria from oliguria?
What distinguishes polyuria from oliguria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions might commonly cause stranguria?
Which of the following conditions might commonly cause stranguria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a typical behavioral observation of an animal suffering from stranguria?
What is a typical behavioral observation of an animal suffering from stranguria?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario would pollakiuria typically be observed?
In which scenario would pollakiuria typically be observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom is most commonly associated with an increase in urinary volume?
What symptom is most commonly associated with an increase in urinary volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What might a physical examination reveal in an animal with dysuria?
What might a physical examination reveal in an animal with dysuria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organ responsible for synthesizing urea?
What is the primary organ responsible for synthesizing urea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased BUN level?
Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased BUN level?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor primarily affects the daily production of creatinine in the body?
What factor primarily affects the daily production of creatinine in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal BUN value range for dogs?
What is the normal BUN value range for dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following substances is not significantly affected by diet?
Which of the following substances is not significantly affected by diet?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario would you expect a decreased BUN level?
In which scenario would you expect a decreased BUN level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main process by which creatinine is excreted from the body?
What is the main process by which creatinine is excreted from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Young animals typically have which of the following concerning serum creatinine concentrations?
Young animals typically have which of the following concerning serum creatinine concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ideal time frame for carrying out a urinalysis after urine collection?
What is the ideal time frame for carrying out a urinalysis after urine collection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which urine collection method should be noted during analysis?
Which urine collection method should be noted during analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following aspects is part of the physical examination during urinalysis?
Which of the following aspects is part of the physical examination during urinalysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if urinalysis cannot be performed immediately after collection?
What should be done if urinalysis cannot be performed immediately after collection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in urine analysis?
What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in urine analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which value range is considered normal specific gravity for dogs?
Which value range is considered normal specific gravity for dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which parameter is NOT evaluated during microscopic analysis of urine?
Which parameter is NOT evaluated during microscopic analysis of urine?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of urine collection, which statement is correct?
In the context of urine collection, which statement is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Semiotic Approach to Genito-Urinary Symptoms
- The urinary system is responsible for producing, conducting, and storing urine
- The upper urinary tract includes the kidneys and ureters
- The lower urinary tract includes the bladder, prostate, and urethra
- Kidney anatomy varies by species, with some species having lobulated or fused medullae
Kidney Anatomy
- Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney
- Nephrons consist of glomerulus and renal tubule
- Epithelial cells in glomerulus/renal tubule determine permeability for ions, solutes, and water, leading to filtration and reabsorption
Daily Urine Output
- Vary by species: horses (3-18 ml/kg), cattle (17-45 ml/kg), sheep/goats (10-40 ml/kg), dogs (20-40 ml/kg), and cats (20-40 ml/kg)
Kidney Functions
- Homeostasis: regulating body fluid volume and composition (acid-base, volemia, electrolytes)
- Metabolic product excretion: removing metabolic byproducts and toxins
- Endocrine function: calcium/phosphorus metabolism, vitamin D activation, red blood cell production, blood pressure regulation, and other compound production
Urine Formation
- Occurs in three stages: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Urination Reflex
- Regulated by the autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic (stores urine): hypogastric nerve (L1-L4), pudendal nerve (S1, S2, S3 ± L7)
- Parasympathetic (empty bladder): pelvic nerve (S1, S2, S3)
Changes in Urination
- Upper and lower motoneuron lesions affect urethral tone
- UMN lesion → increased urethral tone
- LMN lesion → flaccid bladder with reduced tone
Clinical Signs
- Stranguria: straining, difficulty, or pain during urination
- Dysuria: discomfort or pain during urination
- Oliguria: abnormally small urine output
- Polyuria: excessively large urine output
- Polydipsia: increased water intake
- Anuria: complete lack of urine production
- Pollakiuria: increased frequency of urination
- Incontinence: involuntary loss of urine
Systemic Signs
- Lethargy: tiredness or weakness
- Vomiting: regurgitation of food
- Weight loss: reduction in body mass
- Hypertension: elevated blood pressure
- Edema/Ascites: fluid retention in limbs or abdomen
- Hematuria: presence of blood in urine. Can range from microscopic to large amounts
Detailed Anamnesis
- Information to gather regarding animal history
- Species, age, breed, sex & medical history
- Questions to ask client
- Reason for consultation? When did it start? Progress since onset and associated symptoms?
- Frequency of urination, volume of urine produced, changes in water intake, appearance & odor of urine, contact w/drugs, food.
Physical Examination
- Kidneys: palpation for size, shape, consistency, pain, location
- Ureters: visual assessment via rectal or vaginal palpation (if large animal). In small animals, other complementary exams may be needed
- Bladder: palpate for distension, pain, wall thickness, and intramural/intraluminal masses. Easier to palpate in cats as they have more elastic abdominal walls.
- Urethra: distal inspection/palpation in males (especially in cats), otherwise often done in large animals by rectal palpation (vaginal in females)
- Prostate: digital palpation combined with abdominal palpation in small animals. Rectal exam in larger animals
- External Genitalia: Males: examine penis & palpate testicles; Females: vaginal exam for abnormal discharge, masses, or urethral orifice issues. Evaluate presence of licking or self-trauma.
Diagnostic Tests
- Urine collection & Urianalysis: Mid-stream free flow & bladder expression (RISKS!), Catheterization & Cystocentesis. Collecting the first morning urine if possible.
- Physical Examination
- Chemical & Microscopic Analysis: pH, protein, glucose, ketones, nitrites, bilirubins, etc.
- Culture & Antibiogram: if infection is suspected.
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Measure of urea in the blood. Used to access kidney function, especially if other signs suggest kidney failure.
- Serum Creatinine: a non-enzymatic breakdown product of phosphocreatine; indicates kidney function
- Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UP/C): A helpful measure used to detect proteinuria; useful in evaluating possible pre-renal, renal, or post-renal disorders.
- SDMA: biomarker helpful in the earlier stages of kidney disease; used to assess kidney function.
- Radiography / Ultrasound/Computed Tomography (CT)/MRI: Useful in visualizing kidney/bladder structure and assessing possible issues like stones or other masses
- Blood tests: assess values for anemia and electrolyte imbalances
Other Concepts
- Uremia: presence of high amounts of urine constituents (like urea, creatinine) due to inadequate kidney filtration, leading to the development of clinical signs from accumulation of these nitrogenous compounds. Typically seen in cases of acute or chronic renal failure.
- Acute renal failure: a syndrome characterized by a sudden increase in serum creatinine and BUN. Common causes include factors that cause decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
- Chronic renal failure: a persistent reduction in kidney function/damage, which usually requires management, but is not often reversible. A potentially significant cause of other problems in older animals.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz delves into the semiotic aspects of genito-urinary symptoms focusing on urinary system anatomy and functions. It covers specifics such as the variations in kidney anatomy across species and daily urine output metrics. Each topic highlights the vital roles played by different components of the urinary system.
