Samas: Compound Words, First and Second Terms

• "Ghar" translates to "house".
• "Rasoi" translates to "kitchen".
• "Rasoi ke liye ghar" = "Rasoi Ghar"
• "Aaloo" translates to "potato".
• "Puri" is a type of Indian bread.
• "Aaloo aur puri" = "Aaloo-puri".

Samas (Compound Word)

• Samas refers to abbreviation or condensation.
• The literal meaning of Samas is a short form.
• It is a new and shorter word formed by combining two or more words.
• Samas is formed when a greater meaning is expressed with as few words as possible.

Poorvpad, Uttarapad (First Term, Second Term)

• Samas composition consists of two terms.
• The first term is called 'Poorvpad'.
• The second term is called 'Uttarapad'.
• Example: Rasoi Ghar, Hathkadi, Neelkamal, Rajputra.

Samastik Shabd (Compound Word)

• A word formed by the rules of Samas is known as a compound word (Samastik Shabd).
• It is also named the whole word (Samastpad).
• The new word that is formed by combining Poorvpad and Uttarapad is called a complete term (Samastpad).
• Rasoi ka ghar = rasoi ghar
• Hath ke liye kadi = hathkadi
• Neela aur kamal = neelkamal
• Raja ka putra = rajputra

Samaas Vigrah (Compound Decomposition)

• The relation between compound words is called Samas Vigrah.
• After decomposition, the compound word dissapears.
• It is when all terms of a compound word are separated.
• Example: Mata-Pita = Mata aur Pita (Mother and Father).
• Jebkatra = Jeb ko katrane wala (Pickpocket)
• Prayogshala = Prayog ke liye shala (Laboratory).

Types of Samas

• The main types of Samas are Avyayibhaav, Tatpurush, Karmdharay, Dvigu, Dvandv, and Bahuvrihi.

Avyayibhaav Samas (Indeclinable Compound)

• The first word is indeclinable (Avyay) and its meaning is dominant.
• The form of the Avyay word does not change in gender, number, or case; it always remains the same.
• Yathashakti = Shakti ke anusar (According to power)
• Ghar-Ghar = Pratyek ghar (Every house)
• Pratidin = Pratyek din (Every day)
• Prativarsh = Har varsh (Every year)
• Aajanm = Janm se lekar (From birth)
• Nirvivad = Bina vivad ke (Without dispute)

Examples of Samas

• Tulsikrit: Tulsi Dwara कृत
• Shakahari: Shak Ko Khane Wala
• Netrahin: Netra se Heen

Tatpurush Samas (Dependent Determinative Compound)

• The second term in this compound is dominant.
• This is a case-related compound.
• Case markers between the two terms are dropped.
• Raja ka putra = rajputra (King's son)
• Rah ke liye kharch = rahkharch (Travel expense)
• Jwar se grast = jwargrast (Fever-stricken)
• Desh ke liye bhakti = deshbhakti (Devotion to the country)

Types of Tatpurush Samas

• There are eight types but two are hidden in the Vibhakti (cases).
• In total there are 6 sub-types of Tatpurush Samas according to Vibhakti.
• Karm Tatpurush Samas: Makhanchor = Makhan ko churane wala
• Karan Tatpurush Samas: Tulsikrit = Tulsi dwara krit
• Sampradan Tatpurush Samas: Deshbhakti = Desh ke liye bhakti
• Apadan Tatpurush Samas: Rogmukht = Rog se mukt
• Sambandh Tatpurush Samas: Gangajal = Ganga ka jal
• Adhikaran Tatpurush Samas: Vanvas = Van mein vas, Aapbiti = Aap par biti

Natr Tatpurush Samas

• It is a type of Tatpurush Samas
• The first word is negative.
• Asabhya = Na sabhya
• Anadi = Na aadi
• Asambhav = Na sambhav
• Anant = Na ant

More examples of Samas

• Neelgagan - Blue Sky
• Kalimirch - Black pepper
• Neelkamal - Blue lotus

Karmadharay Samas (Descriptive Determinative Compound)

• The second term of this compound is dominant.
• In this compound, the compound words are made up of adjective-noun and subject-object.
• Charan kamal = Kamal ke saman charan (Feet like lotus)
• Neelgagan = Neela hai jo gagan (Blue sky)
• Chandramukh = Chandra jaisa mukh (Moon-like face)
• Pitambar = Pit hai jo ambar (Yellow garment)
• Mahatma = Mahan hai jo aatma (Great soul)
• Lalmani = Lal hai jo mani (Red gem)

More Examples of Samas

• Navgrah
• Choraha
• Tiranga

Dvigu Samas (Numerical Compound)

• The first term is numerical.
• Sometimes, the second term may also be numerical.
• The number used indicates a group or collection.
• Navgrah = Nau grahon ka samuh (Group of nine planets)
• Dopahar = Do pahron ka samahar (Combination of two parts of day)
• Triveni = Teen veniyon ka samuh (Group of three braids)
• Panchtantra = Panch tantron ka samuh (Group of five systems)
• Trilok = Teen lokon ka samahar (Combination of three worlds)
• Shatabdi = Sau abdon ka samuh (Group of hundred years)
• Panseri = Panch seron ka samuh (Group of five seers)

More Examples of Samas

• Raat - Din
• Mata – Pita/Bhai – Bahan
• Raja - Rani

Dvandv Samas (Copulative Compound)

• Both the terms in this compound are dominant.
• Neither term is subordinate.
• These two terms are opposite to each other, but it is not always the case.
• The words "aur" (and), "athva" (or), "ya" (or), and "evam" (and) are used in its decomposition (Vigrah).
• Jalvayu = Jal aur vayu (Water and air)
• Apna-Paraya = Apna ya paraya (Own or stranger)
• Paap-Punya = Paap aur punya (Sin and virtue)
• Radha-Krishna = Radha aur Krishna
• Ann-Jal = Ann aur jal (Food and water)

More Examples of Samas

• Dashanan
• Triveni
• Pitambar

Bahuvrihi Samas (Attributive Compound)

• Neither term is dominant.
• When two terms combine to form a third term, that third term is dominant.
• Decomposes to "wala hai, jo, jiska, jiski, jiske, vah" .
• Gajanana = Gaj ka anan hai jiska (Ganesh).
• Trinetra = Teen netr hain jiske (Shiv).
• Neelkanth = Neela hai kanth jiska (Shiv).
• Lambodar = Lamba hai udar jiska (Ganesh).

Samas Quiz

• The following questions are multiple choice.
• Select the correct answer.
• You will receive one point for each correct answer.

Question 1

• 'Paap - Punya' is an example of which Samas?
• Answer: (A) Dvandv

Question 2

• In 'Dashanan' which Samas is there?
• Answer: (C) Bahuvrihi

Question 3

• Which Samas is in the word 'Chouraha'?
• Answer: (C) Dvigu

Question 4

• Which Samas is in 'Tiranga'?
• Answer: (B) Dvigu

Question 5

• In “Rajputra” which Samas is there?
• Answer: (A) Tatpurush

Question 6

• How many types of Samas are there?
• Answer: (C) 6

Question 7

• The Samas in which the first word (Purvapad) is dominant, what is it called?
• Answer: (C) Avyayibhaav

Question 8

• How many types of Tatpurush Samas are there?
• Answer: (D) 6

Question 9

• Which Samas is in Radha-Krishna?
• Answer: (A) Dvandv

Question 10

• Which Samas is in Panchvati?
• Answer: (B) Dvigu

Explore Samas, the process of forming new words by combining two or more words to express a greater meaning in fewer words. Learn about Poorvpad (first term) and Uttarapad (second term) in Samas. Understand Samastik Shabd, the compound word formed by combining Poorvpad and Uttarapad.