Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following differentiates between granular and non-granular leukocytes?
Which of the following differentiates between granular and non-granular leukocytes?
What are macrophages classified as in relation to their location within the body?
What are macrophages classified as in relation to their location within the body?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in the response to parasitic infections?
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in the response to parasitic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
In which step of inflammation do local capillaries vasodilate and cause redness?
In which step of inflammation do local capillaries vasodilate and cause redness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism describes neutrophils adhering to the walls of capillaries?
Which mechanism describes neutrophils adhering to the walls of capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
What is the primary function of eosinophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to B and T lymphocytes?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to B and T lymphocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates macrophages from neutrophils?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates macrophages from neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following leukocytes is involved in the release of heparin?
Which of the following leukocytes is involved in the release of heparin?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of total white blood cells do eosinophils account for?
What percentage of total white blood cells do eosinophils account for?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition would you observe leukocytosis?
In which condition would you observe leukocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option accurately describes the function of neutrophils?
Which option accurately describes the function of neutrophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following leukocytes are classified as granular?
Which of the following leukocytes are classified as granular?
Signup and view all the answers
How do monocytes and macrophages differ in their lifespan?
How do monocytes and macrophages differ in their lifespan?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of white blood cell forms the highest percentage of total WBC count?
Which type of white blood cell forms the highest percentage of total WBC count?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?
What is a primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly differentiates between granular and non-granular leukocytes?
Which of the following correctly differentiates between granular and non-granular leukocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of white blood cells do monocytes typically represent?
What percentage of white blood cells do monocytes typically represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the lifespan of granulocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about the lifespan of granulocytes is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Blood Groups
- Red blood cell (RBC) surfaces display genetically determined antigens called agglutinogens.
- Plasma contains antibodies (agglutinins) targeting absent antigens.
- Key blood group systems include ABO and Rhesus (Rh).
- ABO and Rh systems are crucial in blood transfusions. Mismatched blood types can lead to transfusion reactions.
ABO System
- Two antigens (A and B) define four blood types.
- Type A: RBCs with A antigen.
- Type B: RBCs with B antigen.
- Type O: RBCs with neither A nor B antigen.
- Type AB: RBCs with both A and B antigens.
- Antibodies are produced against the absent antigen; for example, type A blood produces anti-B.
Rh System
- This system also contains many antigens, but D is the most common.
- Rh factor (D antigen) was discovered in Rhesus monkeys.
- Rh factor is only detectable on RBCs.
- Two groups are determined: Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative (Rh-). Individuals with Rh+ have the D antigen, while Rh-individuals lack the D antigen.
- Rh- individuals normally do not produce anti-Rh antibodies.
- Anti-Rh antibodies are developed when an Rh- individual is exposed to Rh+ blood (e.g., transfusion, pregnancy).
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (HDNB)
- This disease affects newborns.
- It occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
- During delivery, the fetal Rh+ blood enters the mother's circulation.
- The mother's immune system responds by producing anti-Rh antibodies.
- In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive fetus, these antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, resulting in anemia and jaundice.
Prevention and Treatment of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- Injecting Rh-negative mothers with anti-D antibodies shortly after birth can prevent antibody formation.
- Severe cases in newborns require exchange transfusions to replace the baby's blood with Rh-negative blood.
Importance of Blood Grouping
- Critical for safe blood transfusions.
- Crucial for preventing erythroblastosis fetalis.
- Essential for legal cases regarding parentage determination.
Blood Transfusion Reaction
- Reactions result from incompatibility between donor RBC antigens and recipient plasma antibodies.
- Donor plasma is diluted by the recipient's plasma, leading to this risk.
- Universal donor is O-ve blood, and universal recipient is AB+ve blood
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- There are five main types of leukocytes (WBCs): neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
- WBC count ranges from 4,000 to 11,000 per cubic millimeter.
- The sites of WBC formation vary; eg, lymphocytes and plasma cells form in lymphatic tissue whereas granulocytes and monocytes form in bone marrow.
- The life span of WBCs varies significantly among types.
Granular Leukocytes
- Neutrophils (60-62%): first defense against bacteria and foreign invaders. They can engulf 5−20 bacteria.
- Eosinophils (2.3-3%): modulate allergic reactions, defend against parasites.
- Basophils (0.4%): play a role in allergic reactions and produce heparin (an anticoagulant.)
Non-Granular Leukocytes
- Lymphocytes (30%): crucial for acquired immunity. B and T lymphocytes, which cannot be identified morphologically.
- Monocytes (6%): become macrophages, phagocytose large particles like bacteria or even red blood cells. They help B and T lymphocytes by presenting antigens for activation.
Tissue Macrophages
- These cells are located in various tissues (lungs, liver, spleen, etc.) and have roles in phagocytosis and inflammation.
- Types include Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and histocytes in the skin.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection.
- Steps include vasodilation (redness), increased capillary permeability (edema), and clotting.
- Inflammatory substances such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are released from damaged cells to initiate the response.
- Neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells help in inflammation.
Variations in Leukocyte Counts
- Leukocytosis: increase in WBCs (more than 11,000/mm³).
- Leucopenia: decrease in WBCs (less than 4,000/mm³).
- Leukemia: increased numbers of abnormal WBCs.
- Agranulocytosis: markedly decreased granular WBCs.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
