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Questions and Answers
What triggers acute episodes of extrinsic asthma in children?
What triggers acute episodes of extrinsic asthma in children?
Which of the following changes is NOT associated with the pathophysiology of all types of asthma?
Which of the following changes is NOT associated with the pathophysiology of all types of asthma?
How does alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency contribute to emphysema?
How does alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency contribute to emphysema?
Which condition is characterized by a constant productive cough and frequent airway infections?
Which condition is characterized by a constant productive cough and frequent airway infections?
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What is a common complication of chronic bronchitis?
What is a common complication of chronic bronchitis?
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What occurs during inspiration?
What occurs during inspiration?
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Which volume represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a deep exhalation?
Which volume represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a deep exhalation?
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What constitutes total lung capacity (TLC)?
What constitutes total lung capacity (TLC)?
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What effect do airway obstructions have on respiratory function?
What effect do airway obstructions have on respiratory function?
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Which statement describes vital capacity (VC) accurately?
Which statement describes vital capacity (VC) accurately?
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What role do the internal intercostal muscles play during expiration?
What role do the internal intercostal muscles play during expiration?
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What is dead air space in the context of respiratory volumes?
What is dead air space in the context of respiratory volumes?
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What laboratory findings can be associated with the final stage of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?
What laboratory findings can be associated with the final stage of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?
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Which stage of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is characterized by severe hypoxia, respiratory, and metabolic acidosis?
Which stage of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is characterized by severe hypoxia, respiratory, and metabolic acidosis?
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What is the main causative agent of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
What is the main causative agent of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)?
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What unique characteristic makes Mycobacterium tuberculosis difficult for host defensive cells to eradicate?
What unique characteristic makes Mycobacterium tuberculosis difficult for host defensive cells to eradicate?
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In which group of individuals is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) most commonly found?
In which group of individuals is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) most commonly found?
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What is the primary infection reaction in tuberculosis characterized by?
What is the primary infection reaction in tuberculosis characterized by?
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Which of the following groups is at a higher risk of contracting tuberculosis due to lowered resistance?
Which of the following groups is at a higher risk of contracting tuberculosis due to lowered resistance?
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What is a common initial symptom in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia?
What is a common initial symptom in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia?
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What type of pneumonia is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia classified as?
What type of pneumonia is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia classified as?
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What is the primary genetic defect associated with cystic fibrosis?
What is the primary genetic defect associated with cystic fibrosis?
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In which type of lung cancer does bronchogenic carcinoma arise from the bronchial epithelium?
In which type of lung cancer does bronchogenic carcinoma arise from the bronchial epithelium?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with lung cancer?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with lung cancer?
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In patients with tuberculosis, when does the individual typically become noncontagious?
In patients with tuberculosis, when does the individual typically become noncontagious?
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Which of the following is a common risk factor for lung cancer?
Which of the following is a common risk factor for lung cancer?
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What condition may result from high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to cystic fibrosis?
What condition may result from high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to cystic fibrosis?
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Which of the following individuals would likely require prophylactic treatment for tuberculosis?
Which of the following individuals would likely require prophylactic treatment for tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is NOT an obstructive lung disease?
Which of the following is NOT an obstructive lung disease?
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What length of duration is typical for tuberculosis treatment?
What length of duration is typical for tuberculosis treatment?
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Which symptom would most likely indicate advanced lung cancer?
Which symptom would most likely indicate advanced lung cancer?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the prognosis of tumors?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the prognosis of tumors?
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Which individuals are considered high risk for aspiration?
Which individuals are considered high risk for aspiration?
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What is the first step in performing the Heimlich maneuver on a conscious adult?
What is the first step in performing the Heimlich maneuver on a conscious adult?
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What is a primary symptom that may indicate obstructive sleep apnea?
What is a primary symptom that may indicate obstructive sleep apnea?
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What is a common consequence of untreated sleep apnea?
What is a common consequence of untreated sleep apnea?
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How is asthma classified in relation to its occurrence over time?
How is asthma classified in relation to its occurrence over time?
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What factor significantly increases the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea?
What factor significantly increases the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea?
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What should be avoided to prevent aspiration risks?
What should be avoided to prevent aspiration risks?
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What is a characteristic of asthma when classified based on hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a characteristic of asthma when classified based on hypersensitivity reactions?
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What technique is used to expel a foreign object from an infant experiencing aspiration?
What technique is used to expel a foreign object from an infant experiencing aspiration?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Disorders
- Respiratory system anatomy includes the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, nasal cavity, epiglottis, left lung, alveoli, bronchi, right lung, pleura, and diaphragm.
- Respiratory disorders are categorized into Infectious Diseases, Obstructive Lung Diseases, Vascular Disorders, and Expansion Disorders.
- Learning objectives for studying respiratory disorders include describing common upper respiratory infections, comparing different pneumonia types, differentiating primary from secondary tuberculosis, describing the pathophysiology and complications of cystic fibrosis and bronchogenic carcinoma, understanding asthma, comparing emphysema and chronic bronchitis, describing pulmonary edema and its effects on oxygen levels, comparing different sized pulmonary emboli, explaining atelectasis and its effects on ventilation, and more.
- Normal respiratory structures conduct air between the atmosphere and lungs. The lower respiratory tract consists of trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs for gas exchange. Lungs are covered by pleura.
- Mechanisms of breathing involve the external and internal intercostal muscles that elevate and lower the ribs for inspiration and expiration, respectively.
- Lung volumes and capacities include tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV). Vital capacity (VC) is the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV.
- Breathing regulation involves the respiratory center in the brain and receptor cells near the center responding to changes in CSF H+ caused by increases in arterial CO2. Chemical control via receptor cells in the carotid and aortic bodies respond to decreases in arterial O2.
- Gas exchange occurs through diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide exits.
- General manifestations of respiratory disease include sneezing, coughing, sputum production, abnormal breathing patterns, abnormal breath sounds (rales and rhonchi), and dyspnea.
- Cyanosis, pleural pain, and clubbed fingers/toes are also possible manifestations.
- Diagnostic tests for respiratory diseases include spirometry, arterial blood gas determinations, oximetry, exercise tolerance tests, radiography, bronchoscopy, and culture and sensitivity tests.
- Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that measures airflow during inhalation and exhalation.
- Respiratory disorders include Infectious Diseases (upper and lower respiratory tract infections), Obstructive Lung Diseases (cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, aspiration, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis), Restrictive Lung Disorders (pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and asbestosis), Vascular Disorders (pulmonary edema and pulmonary emboli), and Expansion Disorders (atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, flail chest, infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute respiratory failure).
- Different types of fluid may collect in the pleural cavity including exudative effusions, transudates (such as hydrothorax), and blood (hemotothorax). Infection-related fluid is called empyema.
- Pneumothorax involves air in the pleural cavity, preventing lung expansion, while atelectasis is lung collapse.
- Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has primary (initiation) and secondary (reactivation) stages, which can affect different areas and spread to organs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory physiology and the pathophysiology of conditions like asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. This quiz covers various aspects including triggers, lung capacity, and vital respiratory functions. Challenge yourself to understand respiratory health better.
