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Questions and Answers
In a patient diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis, which of the following findings would be most indicative of the condition based on a urine analysis?
In a patient diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis, which of the following findings would be most indicative of the condition based on a urine analysis?
- Elevated levels of creatinine.
- Increased protein levels.
- Presence of WBC casts. (correct)
- Presence of glucose.
A pregnant patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a UTI and is subsequently diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis. Why is pregnancy considered a significant risk factor for this condition?
A pregnant patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a UTI and is subsequently diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis. Why is pregnancy considered a significant risk factor for this condition?
- Pregnancy elevates the immune response, making the kidneys more susceptible to infection.
- The enlarged uterus can cause urinary stasis, increasing the risk of ascending infections. (correct)
- Pregnancy increases the glomerular filtration rate, leading to higher concentrations of bacteria in the urine.
- Hormonal changes during pregnancy decrease bladder capacity, leading to more frequent UTIs.
A patient with chronic pyelonephritis is being evaluated for the underlying cause of their recurrent infections. Which of the following conditions is most likely to contribute to the development of chronic pyelonephritis?
A patient with chronic pyelonephritis is being evaluated for the underlying cause of their recurrent infections. Which of the following conditions is most likely to contribute to the development of chronic pyelonephritis?
- Chronic reflux or obstruction causing persistent urine stasis. (correct)
- Hypertension leading to kidney damage.
- Glomerulonephritis resulting in protein loss.
- Diabetes mellitus causing increased glucose excretion.
Which of the following is the primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is the primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis?
A patient presents with flank pain, fever, and nausea. A urinalysis reveals the presence of WBC casts. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with flank pain, fever, and nausea. A urinalysis reveals the presence of WBC casts. Which condition is most likely?
What is the most common initial cause of acute pyelonephritis?
What is the most common initial cause of acute pyelonephritis?
What is the primary diagnostic method for chronic pyelonephritis?
What is the primary diagnostic method for chronic pyelonephritis?
A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. What component is most likely to be found in these stones?
A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. What component is most likely to be found in these stones?
Which symptom is specifically associated with acute pyelonephritis but not typically with chronic pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is specifically associated with acute pyelonephritis but not typically with chronic pyelonephritis?
What is the long-term potential consequence of untreated or poorly managed chronic pyelonephritis?
What is the long-term potential consequence of untreated or poorly managed chronic pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is the most common type of renal cancer?
Which of the following is the most common type of renal cancer?
Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is typically an early symptom of renal cancer.
Hematuria, or blood in the urine, is typically an early symptom of renal cancer.
What is the medical term for the surgical removal of a kidney, often used as a treatment for renal cancer?
What is the medical term for the surgical removal of a kidney, often used as a treatment for renal cancer?
___________, or flank pain, is a symptom that may indicate renal cancer affecting the costovertebral angle
___________, or flank pain, is a symptom that may indicate renal cancer affecting the costovertebral angle
Match each risk factor with it's description:
Match each risk factor with it's description:
Which of the following is NOT typically identified as a risk factor for renal cancer?
Which of the following is NOT typically identified as a risk factor for renal cancer?
The presence of a palpable abdominal mass is usually an early symptom of renal cancer.
The presence of a palpable abdominal mass is usually an early symptom of renal cancer.
Besides hematuria and CVA tenderness, what other symptom related to the abdomen might indicate late-stage renal cancer?
Besides hematuria and CVA tenderness, what other symptom related to the abdomen might indicate late-stage renal cancer?
If a patient presents with hematuria, CVA tenderness, and a palpable abdominal mass, which of the following conditions should be suspected?
If a patient presents with hematuria, CVA tenderness, and a palpable abdominal mass, which of the following conditions should be suspected?
A surgical procedure known as ___________, involving the removal of the kidney, is a common treatment for renal cancer.
A surgical procedure known as ___________, involving the removal of the kidney, is a common treatment for renal cancer.
In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary initial event that leads to inflammation in the glomeruli?
In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary initial event that leads to inflammation in the glomeruli?
Lysosomal degradation of the basement membrane in glomeruli leads to an increase in the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
Lysosomal degradation of the basement membrane in glomeruli leads to an increase in the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
List four clinical manifestations commonly observed with acute glomerulonephritis.
List four clinical manifestations commonly observed with acute glomerulonephritis.
Post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis frequently follows infections of the _______ or _______, especially in children.
Post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis frequently follows infections of the _______ or _______, especially in children.
What visual characteristic might urine exhibit in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
What visual characteristic might urine exhibit in a patient with glomerulonephritis?
Chronic glomerulonephritis inevitably leads to a full recovery of kidney function with appropriate treatment.
Chronic glomerulonephritis inevitably leads to a full recovery of kidney function with appropriate treatment.
Describe the progressive pathological changes that occur in chronic glomerulonephritis.
Describe the progressive pathological changes that occur in chronic glomerulonephritis.
Common symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis include persistent _______, _______ and declining _______ function.
Common symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis include persistent _______, _______ and declining _______ function.
Match the following characteristics with the type of glomerulonephritis they are associated with:
Match the following characteristics with the type of glomerulonephritis they are associated with:
What type of lesion is characteristic of crescentic glomerulonephritis?
What type of lesion is characteristic of crescentic glomerulonephritis?
Which of the following is the primary cause of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
Which of the following is the primary cause of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?
Autosomal recessive PKD typically manifests later in life, with symptoms developing gradually.
Autosomal recessive PKD typically manifests later in life, with symptoms developing gradually.
List three common symptoms associated with Polycystic Kidney Disease.
List three common symptoms associated with Polycystic Kidney Disease.
The most common type of Polycystic Kidney Disease is the autosomal _________ type, where symptoms appear later in life.
The most common type of Polycystic Kidney Disease is the autosomal _________ type, where symptoms appear later in life.
Match the type of Polycystic Kidney Disease with its characteristics:
Match the type of Polycystic Kidney Disease with its characteristics:
A patient diagnosed with severe Polycystic Kidney Disease is likely to undergo which of the following treatments?
A patient diagnosed with severe Polycystic Kidney Disease is likely to undergo which of the following treatments?
Genetic history is not considered important in the diagnosis of Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Genetic history is not considered important in the diagnosis of Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Besides genetic history, what is another diagnostic method used to detect Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Besides genetic history, what is another diagnostic method used to detect Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Treatment for Polycystic Kidney Disease primarily focuses on managing symptoms and providing _________ care until more intensive interventions become necessary.
Treatment for Polycystic Kidney Disease primarily focuses on managing symptoms and providing _________ care until more intensive interventions become necessary.
Which of the following is a component of supportive treatment for Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Which of the following is a component of supportive treatment for Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with migrating kidney stones?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with migrating kidney stones?
Stationary kidney stones are always symptomatic.
Stationary kidney stones are always symptomatic.
What is the term for blood in the urine, a symptom often associated with kidney stones?
What is the term for blood in the urine, a symptom often associated with kidney stones?
The most common type of kidney stones are composed of __________.
The most common type of kidney stones are composed of __________.
Besides calcium stones, which of the following is another type of renal calculi?
Besides calcium stones, which of the following is another type of renal calculi?
Match the risk factors with their potential effect on kidney stone formation:
Match the risk factors with their potential effect on kidney stone formation:
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with kidney stones, indicating the body's response to pain?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with kidney stones, indicating the body's response to pain?
Uric acid stones are the most common type of kidney stones.
Uric acid stones are the most common type of kidney stones.
Besides hematuria and intense pain, what gastrointestinal symptom is often present in individuals experiencing kidney stones?
Besides hematuria and intense pain, what gastrointestinal symptom is often present in individuals experiencing kidney stones?
What condition increases the risk of kidney stone formation?
What condition increases the risk of kidney stone formation?
Flashcards
Uric Acid Crystals in Renal Calculi
Uric Acid Crystals in Renal Calculi
Uric acid crystals found in renal calculi are associated with gouty arthritis.
Acute Pyelonephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis is a kidney infection typically caused by an ascending urinary tract infection (UTI).
Symptoms of Acute Pyelonephritis
Symptoms of Acute Pyelonephritis
Commonly presents as CVA tenderness (flank pain), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.
Diagnosis of Acute Pyelonephritis
Diagnosis of Acute Pyelonephritis
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Treatment for Acute Pyelonephritis
Treatment for Acute Pyelonephritis
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Chronic Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Symptoms of Chronic Pyelonephritis
Symptoms of Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Complication of Chronic Pyelonephritis
Complication of Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Treatment for Chronic Pyelonephritis
Treatment for Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Diagnosis of Chronic Pyelonephritis
Diagnosis of Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma
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Risk factors for Renal Cancer
Risk factors for Renal Cancer
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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CVA tenderness
CVA tenderness
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Nephrectomy
Nephrectomy
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Late stage renal cancer
Late stage renal cancer
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Palpable abdominal mass
Palpable abdominal mass
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Glomerulonephritis Cause
Glomerulonephritis Cause
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Glomerulonephritis effects
Glomerulonephritis effects
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Acute Glomerulonephritis Symptoms
Acute Glomerulonephritis Symptoms
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Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis
Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis
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Glomerulonephritis Urine Appearance
Glomerulonephritis Urine Appearance
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Chronic Glomerulonephritis Progression
Chronic Glomerulonephritis Progression
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Chronic Glomerulonephritis Symptoms
Chronic Glomerulonephritis Symptoms
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Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
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Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Causes
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Causes
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Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
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Autosomal Recessive PKD
Autosomal Recessive PKD
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Autosomal Dominant PKD
Autosomal Dominant PKD
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PKD Symptoms
PKD Symptoms
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Diagnosing PKD
Diagnosing PKD
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PKD Treatment
PKD Treatment
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Renal Colic Pain
Renal Colic Pain
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Ureteral (Kidney) Stones
Ureteral (Kidney) Stones
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Diaphoresis
Diaphoresis
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Asymptomatic Stones
Asymptomatic Stones
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Calcium Stones
Calcium Stones
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Risk Factors for Renal Calculi
Risk Factors for Renal Calculi
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Kidney Stone Symptoms
Kidney Stone Symptoms
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Study Notes
- Polycystic Kidney Disease (CPKD) is a genetically transmitted renal disorder resulting in fluid-filled cysts, which may localize to one area.
Types of Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Autosomal recessive forms become evident at birth, causing enlarged kidneys, respiratory distress, and severe hypertension.
- Autosomal dominant types are most common, with symptoms appearing later in life.
- Autosomal dominant causes multiple cysts in the kidneys and possibly the liver.
Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
- Symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease include hypertension, pain, and decreased urine concentration ability.
- Diagnosis involves genetic history and ultrasonography.
- Treatment is supportive, focusing on blood pressure control.
- Dialysis or transplant is needed if the disease is severe.
Ureteral (Kidney) Stones
- Signs and symptoms include intense renal colic pain (sudden, severe, may radiate).
- Nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis (sweating) are also signs and symptoms.
- Hematuria (blood in urine) can be a sign of kidney stones.
- Stones may be asymptomatic if stationary but cause pain when migrating.
Common Composition of Renal Calculi
- The most common type of kidney stones are calcium stones (calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate).
- Other types of kidney stones include uric acid, struvite, and cystine.
- Risk factors for kidney stones include supersaturation of solutes, low urine volume, and abnormal pH.
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