Psychological Development Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to be considered atypical?

  • Expressing overt displays of affection in public in Western cultures. (correct)
  • Experiencing intense anxiety before public speaking.
  • Having difficulty forming and maintaining relationships.
  • Displaying self-injurious behaviors.

Which of the following reflects the understanding that behavior can be either adaptive or maladaptive for a specific individual?

  • Describing the different psychological criteria used to categorize typical and atypical behaviors.
  • Categorizing behaviors based on cultural perspectives.
  • Applying the concepts of normality and neurotypicality. (correct)
  • Understanding which behaviors are statistically rare.

When assessing whether a behavior is typical or atypical, what factor introduces the most variability and lack of universal agreement?

  • Statistical rarity of the behavior.
  • Presence of personal distress.
  • Cultural perspectives on the behavior. (correct)
  • Extent to which the behavior is maladaptive.

What is the primary purpose of social norms within a society?

<p>To provide order and predictability in behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of categorizing behavior, what does statistical rarity refer to?

<p>Behaviors that deviate significantly from the average. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person who experiences persistent sadness, anxiety, and feelings of being overwhelmed would be categorized as atypical based on what criteria?

<p>Personal distress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choosing to binge-watch TV shows instead of studying for an upcoming assessment is an example of:

<p>A maladaptive behavior because it interferes with effective adjustment to the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the BEST way to understand the various components that make up a person's sense of well-being?

<p>Examine the multidirectional relationship between behaviors, cognitions, and emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes neurodiversity from neurotypicality?

<p>Neurotypicality refers to standard brain function, while neurodiversity acknowledges the unique nervous system with varying abilities and needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes any behaviours, emotional responses, or cognitive processes enabling appropriate environmental adjustment?

<p>Adaptive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are emotions considered maladaptive?

<p>When they are very intense, overwhelming, or inappropriate for the situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Engaging in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to challenge maladaptive thoughts aligns most directly with addressing which aspect of well-being?

<p>Modifying maladaptive cognition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding that the difficulties faced by people with autism are due to normal variations in brain function reflects which concept?

<p>neurodiversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Difficulties with social skills, understanding social cues and forming relationships are all used to meet the clinical diagnosis criteria for:

<p>Autism spectrum disorder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive process allows awareness of ones ability to set goals and being able to plan?

<p>executive function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Challenges dealing with visual information as well as auditory processing are likely deficits with what cognitive action?

<p>working memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural responsiveness in health care emphasize?

<p>Understanding and respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of diverse populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During healthcare treatment, what does integrating "cultural humanity" most utilize?

<p>listening and learning from someone's lived experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of applying culturally appropriate practices in mental health?

<p>Ensuring that health care is targeted at the specific individual but remains standardized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual from a collectivist culture might show reluctance towards western evidence-based practice due to:

<p>a preference towards other health systems due to the strong impact from their social groups and cultural context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child consistently fails to acknowledge social cues, is unable to reciprocate emotion, and struggles with nonverbal communication, their abilities fit the typical profile of:

<p>individuals of any age possibly presenting characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a child with ADHD, their level of hyperactivity with impulsivity means there had to have been evidence the symptoms:

<p>were first detected at certain age and continue for a persistent amount of time with cross references to different environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual shows increased focus toward details so that they are excel the disciplines requiring those efforts, it serves to benefit while also showing what autism specific theory?

<p>those with ASD can show strengths as well as exhibit deficits and strengths within the central coherence theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the biggest factors separating between treatment styles for psychologists and psychiatrists?

<p>only psychiatrists prescribe and direct pharmaceutical intervention, psychologists do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If access to a support system is needed and it was for the Australian people in rural areas:

<p>organizations can extend support of the community outside Medicare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term cultural safety within healthcare?

<p>Dynamic that is present with special focus in mental care and medical support for those in a culturally unique atmosphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing how it’s important for care, in which order will these dynamics be most effective( Cultural perspective, safety and humility )?

<p>all efforts of professional to be sensitive that must acknowledge humility to their side as to support perspectives for culturally based healthcare needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A young child lines up their toys repeatedly and becomes very upset if the order is disrupted. Which diagnostic criteria would be MOST applicable?

<p>restricted and repetitive beavhiors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If asked to explain adaptive of maladapative behavior, it would be BEST explained by using:

<p>Key terminology and features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main areas a mental health support staff is LEAST likely to help a person experiencing their disorder?

<p>perform specialized treatment that would involve one's own diagnosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual has been unable to sleep due to some type of stress, is too anxious to drive because of an accident and has continued for months, what may be an emotional process they may also be suffering?

<p>maladaptive stress and emotional duress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept that if someone lacks knowing that someone has an idea of what you will do next, shows deficits in:

<p>Theory of Mind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance, if someone suffers severe trauma, showing acceptance for your client's family and for someone to hear them out when they may be involved to your client? You offer respect, and listen this to your client shows:

<p>safety in professional treatment by providing a safe dynamic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the question of 'Why are people with conditions such as autism or ADHD considered neurodiverse', you must best take into consideration which response?

<p>a response that includes reasoning to the autism and the ADHD and the neurological diversity factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action least describes cultural safety?

<p>To better see other thoughts and processes and listen so that other people feel safer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If in some instances, the individual is using the maladaptive behavior to obtain resources, you must still mark that behavior and:

<p>to mark as atypical behavior but with an understanding to where that behavior also had an understandable cause. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of cultural responsiveness efforts?

<p>to use it with the goal to maintain that level with the respect and awareness to a culture outside of the individual's own. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can the most appropriate access be found if you have concerns? Who best to seek out?

<p>a professional as to take in the family, friends, social and community groups with their analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Typical behaviors

Patterns of behaviour that are expected or conform to societal standards.

Atypical behaviors

Patterns of behavior that are unexpected or deviate substantially from cultural norms.

Typical development

Progress aligning with expected skill and ability development ranges for a child's age.

Atypical development

Progress outside expected skill and ability development range compared to peers.

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Cultural perspectives

Using cultural standards to determine acceptable behaviour, acknowledging variability.

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Social norms

Shared standards or beliefs about acceptable behavior in society.

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Statistical rarity

Behaviors deviating significantly from statistical average deemed abnormal.

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Personal distress

Behavior causing the individual emotional suffering or unease.

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Maladaptive behavior

Dysfunctional, unhelpful behavior interfering with effective environmental adjustment.

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Abnormality

Patterns of behavior considered unusual, bizarre, or outside the ordinary.

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Neurotypicality

Standard or typical brain functioning, processing, and behavior.

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Neurodiversity

Idea acknowledging every human possesses a unique nervous system.

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Adaptive

Emotions, behaviors, or cognitions enabling effective environmental adjustment; helpful.

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Maladaptive

Emotions, behaviors, or cognitions hindering effective environmental adjustment; unhelpful.

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Cognitive behavioral therapy

Psychological treatment targeting relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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Maladaptive cognitions

Irrational inflated beliefs distorting reality perception negatively.

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Normality

Patterns of behavior typical, expected, or conforming what's acceptable.

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Neurodivergent

A term that is used to refer to people whose brains function differently to others

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Theory of mind

A cognitive ability that allows us to make judgements about other people's mental states

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Executive function

A cognitive process that helps set goals, organize and plan, and focus attention and get done things

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central coherence

Is the term to ability derive overall meaning from message detail

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Working memory

Is this kind of memory that sensory process information

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Arousal Alertness

Is to Vigilant sustained focus and children with ADHD tend to less alert focus example is a little bit ADHD will respond carelessly tasks

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Cultural responsiveness

Requires the health care services respectful of and relevant to, the health beliefs health practices

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Study Notes

  • Chapter 4 explores typical and atypical psychological development
  • The chapter discusses normality and neurotypicality in psychological development.
  • It considers how typical and atypical development are culturally defined, classified, and categorized.
  • Normal cognitive variations and neurodiversity are taken into account.
  • Selected developmental conditions, like autism and ADHD will be observed

Key Concepts

  • The chapter addresses criteria used to categorize typical and atypical behavior, including cultural perspectives, social norms, statistical rarity, personal distress, and maladaptive behavior.
  • Normality and neurotypicality, including adaptive and maladaptive emotions, behaviors, and cognitions, are reviewed.
  • The study of normal variations in brain development and the concept of neurodiversity are covered.
  • The roles of mental health workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, and organizations in supporting psychological development and mental wellbeing are outlined

Categorizing Typical and Atypical Behavior

  • There are multiple psychological criteria to define typical and atypical behaviors.
  • Typical behaviors are expected patterns that conform to standards of acceptability for a given situation.
  • Atypical behaviors deviate from the norm and can be harmful or distressing.
  • Cultural perspectives involve using cultural norms to determine acceptable behaviors.
  • Social norms are shared standards or beliefs about normal, acceptable behavior.
  • Statistical rarity considers behaviors that deviate significantly from the average.
  • Personal distress refers to behaviors that cause the individual unpleasant emotions.
  • Maladaptive behaviors include dysfunctional, unhelpful actions that interfere with adjusting appropriately.

Normality and Neurotypicality

  • Normality is defined as conforming to typical, expected standards of acceptable behavior.
  • Abnormality constitutes unusual, bizarre, or atypical behaviors.
  • Neurotypicality refers to standard brain functioning, processing, and behaviors.
  • Neurodiversity acknowledges that each human has a unique nervous system with a unique abilities and needs
  • Adaptive emotions, behaviors, and cognitions enable us to adjust and cope effectively.
  • Maladaptive emotions, behaviors, and cognitions interfere with our capacity to adjust and cope effectively

Normal Variations in Brain Development

  • Neurodiversity means that normal variations in brain development exist in society.
  • Conditions like autism and ADHD are considered neurodiverse.
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents with impaired communication and social skills, difficulty understanding social cues, poor non-verbal communication skills, and difficulty forming relationships.
  • Key symptoms of ADHD: inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity and impulsivity.
  • Cognitive variations associated with ADHD include: deficits in executive function, dysfunctions in working memory and issues with arousal, alertness and time estimations

Supporting Psychological Development and Mental Wellbeing

  • Psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health workers can support psychological development.
  • Psychologists diagnose mental disorders, focusing on thoughts and patient's emotional state
  • They provide management plans, treatments, counseling, or psychotherapy, but cannot prescribe medication
  • Psychiatrists are medical doctors specializing in mental health, and have the authority to order medical procedures
  • Psychiatrists assess mental and physical symptoms, diagnose disorders, and prescribe medications
  • Mental health support workers provide general support guided by mental health practitioners.

Cultural Responsiveness

  • Cultural responsiveness requires healthcare services to be respectful and relevant to diverse communities, whose members identify as having linguistic needs such as ancestry, ethnic origin, religion, language spoken at home
  • Cultural safety acknowledges the power dynamic in service, favoring professionals over the patients
  • Cultural humility involves listening and learning from people’s experiences and recognizing power imbalances
  • Culturally responsive practices include respect for diverse populations and the provision of accessible services

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Chapter 4 discusses normality and neurotypicality in psychological development. It considers how typical and atypical development are culturally defined. Normal cognitive variations and neurodiversity are taken into account. Selected developmental conditions, like autism and ADHD will be observed.

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