Proteomics Overview and Applications

The large-scale study of proteins, focusing on their composition, structures, functions, and interactions.

Proteins often work together, and proteomics aims to identify these protein interactions.

A branch of biotechnology that focuses on the design and creation of new proteins with specific functionalities.

The process of creating new proteins with desired properties by manipulating the amino acid sequence.

Protein design can also involve creating proteins with desired 3D structures and functions.

Protein design is a reverse process of protein structure prediction, relying on understanding protein folding principles.

Proteomics is widely used in various biological fields, including pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, oncology, agriculture, and food microbiology.

The study of proteins is becoming increasingly important as it provides insights into complex biological systems.

Involves creating new proteins with specific functions or structures.

A technique that uses computer algorithms to predict the 3D structure of a protein based on its amino acid sequence.

The study of the complete set of proteins found in a cell or organism at a specific time.

A process where researchers design new proteins with desired properties by manipulating the amino acid sequence.

The aim is to use bioinformatics and computational modeling to skip traditional steps in protein design, saving time and resources.

Traditional antibody production method involves injecting a target protein into an animal, harnessing the immune system to generate antibodies. It's great for lab use but not for direct human treatment due to potential immune rejection.

Modifications to the antibody's amino acid sequence to make it resemble human proteins, minimizing immune rejection risks.

In silico design is a more efficient alternative to traditional methods, aiming to quickly design and create therapeutic proteins with minimal reliance on lab animals.

A substance that stops or slows down cell growth by interfering with the production of new proteins.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target enzymes involved in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and division. They block the activation of these enzymes, suppressing uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Protease inhibitors are a type of protein synthesis inhibitor that work by blocking the activity of protease enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down proteins. They are commonly used to treat HIV infections by preventing the virus from replicating.

Clinical proteomic studies aim to identify proteins that can serve as biomarkers, helping to diagnose diseases or monitor treatment responses. They require platforms that are accurate, sensitive, and capable of handling large numbers of samples.

A measurable characteristic that indicates the state of a biological process, disease, or response to treatment.

High-throughput MS-based profiling strategies like MALDITOF and SELDI are used to analyze clinical samples like tissue and bodily fluids. They quickly identify molecular masses and screen for biomarkers.

Qualitative biomarkers are used for yes/no detection of a condition, while quantitative biomarkers provide a measure of the severity of the condition.

The bottom-up approach in proteomics involves breaking down proteins into smaller peptides using enzymes like trypsin. These fragments are then analyzed to identify and quantify the original proteins.

Proteomics plays a vital role in identifying protein markers specific to different diseases, potentially leading to faster and more accurate diagnoses.

MS-based methods, like those used in proteomics, are crucial for quickly identifying viruses and disease proteins.

Biomarkers are used in clinical applications to diagnose and monitor diseases, and can also help in determining the effectiveness of treatments.

The term 'biomarker' combines "biological" and "marker" and refers to measurable indicators of a biological state that are reliable and reproducible.

Identifying protein biomarkers from biological samples, like blood or urine, to diagnose diseases or predict disease risk.

Proteomics allows scientists to identify proteins that are abnormally expressed in diseased cells compared to healthy cells. This can lead to earlier diagnosis and potentially new treatments.

The study of the protein networks and traits in plants helps protect crops from stresses like pests and drought, leading to better agricultural outcomes.

Proteomics can help us understand the molecular mechanisms involved in seed germination, growth, and survival, potentially leading to better seed production and longevity.

The goal is to identify a unique protein signature (a bio-signature) in various diseases, enabling rapid and accurate diagnosis.

Proteomics helps to understand the cellular processes and how they are affected by disease, paving the way for customized and targeted treatments.

Proteomics also plays an important role in food science, helping us to understand the quality, safety, and nutritional value of food products.

Protein modifications that occur after a protein is synthesized by the ribosome, influencing its function and stability.

A biological molecule that promotes plant growth and development. It can be of natural origin, promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

The use of proteomics in analyzing the interactions between crops and bacteria, allowing for a more accurate assessment of beneficial and harmful microbial relationships.

Oxidized proteins found in dry seeds, indicating aging and potential loss of function. Their accumulation affects seed viability and germination.

A technique used in food analysis to characterize raw materials and identify potential contaminants. It helps ensure food quality and safety.

Factors like high temperatures, salt, and heavy metals can negatively impact plant growth and yield, posing challenges for agricultural management.

The process of protein separation based on their size and charge, allowing for visualization and identification of individual proteins.