Plant Growth and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main agent involved in wind pollination?

  • Birds
  • Wind (correct)
  • Insects
  • Water

Which of the following are wind-pollinated fruit crops?

  • Pecan Nut, Hazelnut, Chestnut (correct)
  • Water Chestnut, Dragon Fruit
  • Apple, Pear, Peach
  • Banana, Pineapple

What is the primary pollinating agent for Dragon Fruits?

  • Wind
  • Bats (correct)
  • Insects
  • Humans

What is the primary type of pollination for crops like apple, pear, and peach?

<p>Entomophilous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these species are NOT honey bees?

<p>Syrphids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pollination is carried out by water?

<p>Hydrophilous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pollinating agent for bananas and pineapples?

<p>Birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these stages is NOT a critical component for successful pollination?

<p>The growth of plant roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal pollinizer?

<p>Ability to produce large, showy flowers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'false set' in mango and citrus?

<p>A condition where the fruit does not develop properly due to a lack of pollination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a pollinizer in the context of plants?

<p>To donate pollen to other plants for fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many male date palm plants are typically required to pollinate 100 female plants?

<p>4-5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete?

<p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is porogamy?

<p>The entry of the pollen tube into the ovule through the micropyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fusion of the second male gamete with the central cell, resulting in the formation of the endosperm?

<p>Triple fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pollinizers in fruit crops?

<p>They increase fruit set, yield, and quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the presence of staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants?

<p>Dioecy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dichogamy occurs when the pistil matures before the anthers?

<p>Protogyny (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of heterostyly?

<p>Different lengths of styles and filaments in a flower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self incompatibility affect pollination?

<p>It prevents fertilization between same flower pollens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism hinders self-pollination due to physical barriers?

<p>Herkogamy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase do plants typically start to lose their leaves?

<p>Maturation phase (C), Adult phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bud develops into a shoot with a flower?

<p>Mixed bud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors that influences flower bud differentiation?

<p>Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants has the shortest juvenile period?

<p>Cucumber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vegetative meristematic cells during flower bud differentiation?

<p>They convert to reproductive cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a high C:N ratio influence flowering in older plants?

<p>It delays flowering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bud develops into both leaves and flowers?

<p>Compound bud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the transition from vegetative growth to generative growth?

<p>Flower bud differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring pollen grains from anthers to stigmas called?

<p>Pollination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of pollination occurs within the same flower?

<p>Autogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the maturation of anthers and stigma at the same time?

<p>Homogamy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cleistogamy?

<p>Pollination in unopened flower buds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form of pollination do pollen grains transfer from one plant to another?

<p>Allogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for all self-pollinated plants?

<p>Presence of bisexual flowers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes unisexual flowers on the same plant?

<p>Monoecy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plants typically demonstrate the mechanism promoting self-pollination via enclosing anthers?

<p>Tomato and brinjal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in plants with high nitrogen and low carbohydrates?

<p>Flower forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the HST (HASTY) gene in plants?

<p>It promotes early flowering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chilling requirement for biennial plants like carrots and cauliflowers?

<p>Below 7º C for 4-60 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant requires more than 12 hours of daylight to flower?

<p>Long day plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does light intensity affect flowering in plants?

<p>High light intensity helps in proper flowering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient is primarily involved in protein synthesis and cell division in plants?

<p>Phosphorus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light promotes flowering in plants?

<p>Red light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a plant has low nitrogen and high carbohydrates?

<p>Formation of only a few buds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dioecy: What kind of plants are these?

A plant species where male and female reproductive parts are on separate plants.

Dichogamy: What's the difference in timing?

A mechanism where the timing of anther and stigma maturation differs within the same flower, promoting cross-pollination.

Heterostyly: What makes it different?

A pollination mechanism where the lengths of the style and filaments in a flower differ, preventing self-pollination and encouraging cross-pollination.

Herkogamy: What blocks self-pollination?

A physical barrier, like a membrane around the anther, that prevents self-pollination in a flower.

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Self Incompatibility: What can't the pollen do?

A genetic mechanism where pollen from the same flower cannot fertilize it, promoting cross-pollination.

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Self-pollination (Autogamy)

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.

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Bisexuality (in plants)

Flowers containing both male and female reproductive organs.

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Homogamy

The simultaneous maturity of anthers and stigma within a flower.

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Cleistogamy

Pollination and fertilization occur within a closed flower bud.

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Cross-pollination (Allogamy)

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant.

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Monoecy

Plants with separate male and female flowers on the same individual.

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Dioecy

Plants with separate male and female flowers on different individuals.

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Inflorescence in monoecious plants

The presence of male and female flowers on the same inflorescence (cluster of flowers).

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Reproductive Phase

The stage in a plant's life cycle where it produces flowers and fruits, transitioning from vegetative growth.

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Juvenile Phase

The early stage in a plant's life cycle focused on vegetative growth, where it prioritizes leaf and stem development.

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Flower Induction

The process where a plant's vegetative meristematic cells transform into generative (floral) meristematic cells, leading to flower bud differentiation.

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Bud

A structure on a plant that contains a young shoot, often protected by scales.

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Mixed Bud

A bud that will develop into a shoot with flowers and leaves.

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Simple Bud

A bud that will develop into a shoot with only leaves.

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C:N Ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen)

The ratio of carbohydrates to nitrogen in a plant, which influences flowering.

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Root Emergence

The process where a plant's root system develops from a cutting or other plant part.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the male part (anther) of a flower to the female part (stigma), enabling fertilization and fruit/seed production.

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Pollinators

Agents that move pollen from the male part to the female part of a flower.

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Entomophily

Pollination carried out by insects, like bees, butterflies, and moths.

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Ornithophily

Pollination carried out by birds, especially those with long beaks and a fondness for nectar.

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Hydrophily

Pollination where pollen is transported by water currents, often seen in aquatic plants.

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Human Pollination

Pollination performed manually by humans, usually for specific crops.

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Chiropterophily

Pollination by bats, which are often attracted to flowers that bloom at night.

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Double Fertilization

The double fertilization process involves the fusion of a sperm nucleus with the egg cell to form the zygote, and another sperm nucleus with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm. This process is crucial for the subsequent development of the embryo and endosperm.

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C/N Ratio and Plant Growth

The amount of nitrogen (N) and carbohydrates (C) in the plant influences its growth and flowering. A balanced C/N ratio promotes healthy growth and abundant flowering.

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EAF1 Gene and Flowering

A gene that plays a role in the transition from the juvenile phase to the adult phase in plants, ultimately influencing flowering.

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Vernalization

The process of exposing plants to low temperatures (usually 0 to 10°C) to promote flowering in some species.

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Long Day Plants (LDP)

Plants that require long days (more than 12 hours of daylight) to flower.

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Short Day Plants (SDP)

Plants that require short days (less than 12 hours of daylight) to flower.

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Day Neutral Plants (DNP)

Plants whose flowering is not influenced by the length of day or night.

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Light and Flowering

The intensity, duration, and quality of light can impact plant growth and flowering.

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Nutrient Roles in Plant Growth

Different nutrients play specific roles in plant growth and development. Nitrogen supports vegetative growth, while phosphorus and potassium aid in energy production and movement.

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Cross-pollination

The process of transferring pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower.

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Fertilization

The fusion of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.

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Generative fertilization

The fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote. This occurs during fertilization.

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Triple fertilization

The fusion of another male gamete with the central cell in the ovule to form a triploid endosperm. This occurs during fertilization.

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Study Notes

Plant Growth and Development

  • Plant growth is the process of increasing size, creating more leaves and stems
  • Plant development is the process of changing from one growth stage to the next, including stages like juvenility, maturity, flowering, and seeding
  • Plants pass through different stages in their lifecycles, including embryonic growth, juvenility, maturity, senescence, and death
  • Many plants cannot flower until they reach a certain age and size

Juvenility

  • Juvenility is the physiological stage of a seedling or nursery plant where it cannot produce flowers
  • This developmental delay before reproduction is also known as juvenility
  • This is frequently a transition phase where flowering may occur, but not as readily as during the adult phase
  • Juvenile phases have the fastest growth rates in plants
  • Duration of this period varies in woody plants, due to environmental and genetic factors
  • Juvenile plants can often have faster maturation time if grown with faster growing conditions

Flower Bud Differentiation

  • A bud is an immature shoot system commonly protected by protective scale leaves.
  • Buds develop into lateral branches, flowers, or inflorescences
  • Simple buds grow into vegetative shoots (leaf buds)
  • Mixed buds grow into shoots with flowers (flower buds)
  • Compound buds grow into shoots with both leaves and flowers
  • Flower bud differentiation is the transition from vegetative growth to generative growth, also known as flower induction
  • This complex process responds to signals from the environment and internal factors
  • Vegetative cells in buds convert to generative cells.
  • The process of conversion is usually irreversible once it has occurred

Factors Influencing Flower Bud Differentiation

  • Endogenous Factors:
    • Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio (C:N): High C:N ratios favor flowering in young plants, while low C:N ratios (higher nitrogen) may delay flowering in young plants
    • Genes: Genes (like HASTY) are partly responsible for transitions in plant growth development phases, between juvenile and adult-like features.
  • Environmental Factors:
    • Temperature: Low temperatures can trigger flowering in certain species (vernalization)
    • Photoperiod: Some plants flower only when their photoperiod requirements are met. These plants can be categorized as long-day, short-day, or day-neutral.
    • Light: Light intensity, duration, and quality all influence bud differentiation and flowering

Pollination

  • Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigma.
  • Two types exist:
    • Self-Pollination (Autogamy): Pollen transfer within the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.
    • Cross-Pollination (Allogamy): Pollen transfer between different flowers on separate plants.

Pollinator and Pollinizer

  • A pollinator is a biotic agent responsible for pollen transfer.
  • A pollinizer is a plant that provides pollen for pollination.

Fertilization

  • Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in a zygote.
  • In flowering plants, the pollen tube delivers male gamete to the egg.
  • After fertilization, the zygote forms the embryo and other parts develop from other tissues in the ovule.
  • This process is known as double fertilization (triple fusion) because of the role of the separate male gamete in producing the endosperm as food for growing embryo.
  • Three main types of fertilization exist:
    • Porogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle.
    • Chalazogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through the chalaza.
    • Mesogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule tissue through its integuments.

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Juvenility and Flower Bud Differentiation PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on plant growth and development phases, including juvenility and maturity. This quiz covers stages of plant life and characteristics of juvenile plants. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the complexities of a plant's growth journey.

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