Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a base quantity?
Which of the following is an example of a base quantity?
- Velocity
- Length (correct)
- Volume
- Density
Derived quantities cannot be expressed in terms of base quantities.
Derived quantities cannot be expressed in terms of base quantities.
False (B)
What is the SI unit for the base quantity of mass?
What is the SI unit for the base quantity of mass?
kilogram
The prefix 'milli' represents a factor of ______.
The prefix 'milli' represents a factor of ______.
Match each prefix with its corresponding power of ten:
Match each prefix with its corresponding power of ten:
Which of the following instruments is most suitable for measuring the length of a football field?
Which of the following instruments is most suitable for measuring the length of a football field?
The precision of a measuring instrument refers to its ability to provide the same reading over multiple measurements.
The precision of a measuring instrument refers to its ability to provide the same reading over multiple measurements.
Explain how using set squares can improve the accuracy of length measurement with a meter rule.
Explain how using set squares can improve the accuracy of length measurement with a meter rule.
A ______ error occurs when the eye is not correctly aligned with the measurement scale.
A ______ error occurs when the eye is not correctly aligned with the measurement scale.
Match the type of error with its description:
Match the type of error with its description:
To minimize parallax error when reading a liquid in a measuring cylinder, where should the observer's eye be positioned?
To minimize parallax error when reading a liquid in a measuring cylinder, where should the observer's eye be positioned?
Zero error in a measuring instrument can be corrected by simply resetting the instrument to zero before taking measurements.
Zero error in a measuring instrument can be corrected by simply resetting the instrument to zero before taking measurements.
Describe a method to accurately measure the thickness of a single sheet of paper using a ruler.
Describe a method to accurately measure the thickness of a single sheet of paper using a ruler.
The volume of a liquid is typically measured using a measuring ______.
The volume of a liquid is typically measured using a measuring ______.
Match each method to the type of solid volume it is best suited for:
Match each method to the type of solid volume it is best suited for:
When measuring the volume of an irregular object using the displacement method, what should you do if the object floats?
When measuring the volume of an irregular object using the displacement method, what should you do if the object floats?
Bubbles in a liquid will not affect the accuracy of volume measurement in a measuring cylinder.
Bubbles in a liquid will not affect the accuracy of volume measurement in a measuring cylinder.
Explain why it is important to ensure a measuring cylinder is resting on a flat, horizontal surface when taking a measurement.
Explain why it is important to ensure a measuring cylinder is resting on a flat, horizontal surface when taking a measurement.
The time for one complete oscillation of a pendulum is called its ______.
The time for one complete oscillation of a pendulum is called its ______.
Match the time measurement instrument with its principle of operation:
Match the time measurement instrument with its principle of operation:
Which of the following can affect the period of a simple pendulum?
Which of the following can affect the period of a simple pendulum?
A simple pendulum completes one oscillation when it moves from its starting point to the opposite extreme and back to the starting point.
A simple pendulum completes one oscillation when it moves from its starting point to the opposite extreme and back to the starting point.
Explain how calibrating a pendulum clock involves adjusting the length of the pendulum.
Explain how calibrating a pendulum clock involves adjusting the length of the pendulum.
The quantity of space an object occupies is referred to as its ______.
The quantity of space an object occupies is referred to as its ______.
Which of the following is a derived unit?
Which of the following is a derived unit?
The standard form of a number always has one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point.
The standard form of a number always has one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point.
Convert 0.000045 meters to standard form.
Convert 0.000045 meters to standard form.
The prefix 'nano' represents a factor of 10 to the power of ______.
The prefix 'nano' represents a factor of 10 to the power of ______.
Match the prefix with its numerical value:
Match the prefix with its numerical value:
What is the purpose of using prefixes when measuring physical quantities?
What is the purpose of using prefixes when measuring physical quantities?
Density is a base quantity.
Density is a base quantity.
If a student measures the dimension of a cube as 3cm, what is its volume?
If a student measures the dimension of a cube as 3cm, what is its volume?
The formula for density is density = mass / ______.
The formula for density is density = mass / ______.
Match each quantity with its appropriate instrument for measurement:
Match each quantity with its appropriate instrument for measurement:
The abbreviation for micro is:
The abbreviation for micro is:
The most accurate way to read a measuring cylinder is from above the meniscus.
The most accurate way to read a measuring cylinder is from above the meniscus.
What do the prefixes like kilo, mega and giga represent with respect to a unit?
What do the prefixes like kilo, mega and giga represent with respect to a unit?
Zero error on a measuring instrument means that when it should read zero, it shows a ______ reading.
Zero error on a measuring instrument means that when it should read zero, it shows a ______ reading.
Match the following instruments with their function :
Match the following instruments with their function :
What should typically be done to reduce random errors when measuring?
What should typically be done to reduce random errors when measuring?
Flashcards
What is measurement?
What is measurement?
Method to determine physical quantities.
What are physical quantities?
What are physical quantities?
Quantity that can be measured, consisting of a magnitude and a unit.
What are base quantities?
What are base quantities?
Quantities that cannot be defined by other physical quantities; they are fundamental.
What are derived quantities?
What are derived quantities?
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What are prefixes (in measurement)?
What are prefixes (in measurement)?
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What is standard form (scientific notation)?
What is standard form (scientific notation)?
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What is precision (or resolution)?
What is precision (or resolution)?
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What is parallax error?
What is parallax error?
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What is zero error?
What is zero error?
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How is volume measured for regular solids?
How is volume measured for regular solids?
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How to find the volume of a small solid that sinks?
How to find the volume of a small solid that sinks?
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How to find the volume of a small solid that floats?
How to find the volume of a small solid that floats?
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What can be used to tell time?
What can be used to tell time?
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What is the Period of a Simple Pendulum?
What is the Period of a Simple Pendulum?
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How can pendulum clocks be calibrated?
How can pendulum clocks be calibrated?
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Study Notes
- Chapter 1 is about the measurement of physical quantities
What you will learn
- The difference between base and derived quantities
- Skills relating to prefixes and standard form
- Equipment for measuring length, volume, and time
Measurement
- Measurement determines physical quantities
Physical Quantities
- A measurable quantity
- Consists of a magnitude and a unit
Base Quantities
-
Quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities
-
Base quantities and their SI units:
- Length (meter, m)
- Mass (kilogram, kg)
- Time (second, s)
- Temperature (Kelvin, K)
- Current (Ampere, A)
Derived Quantities
- Quantities that are derived from base quantities
- Volume = Length x Width x Height = m³
- Density = Mass ÷ Volume = kg m⁻³
- Velocity = Displacement ÷ Time = m s⁻¹
- Acceleration = Velocity ÷ Time = m s⁻²
- Force = Mass x Acceleration = kg m s⁻²
Prefixes
- Used to express very large or very small physical quantities
| Prefix | Value | Standard Form | Symbol |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tera | 1 000 000 000 000 | 10¹² | T |
| Giga | 1 000 000 000 | 10⁹ | G |
| Mega | 1 000 000 | 10⁶ | M |
| Kilo | 1 000 | 10³ | k |
| deci | 0.1 | 10⁻¹ | d |
| centi | 0.01 | 10⁻² | c |
| milli | 0.001 | 10⁻³ | m |
| micro | 0.000 001 | 10⁻⁶ | μ |
| nano | 0.000 000 001 | 10⁻⁹ | n |
| pico | 0.000 000 000 001 | 10⁻¹² | p |
Standard Form
- Expressing numbers where an integer (1 to 9) is multiplied by a power of 10
- Positive power signifies a large number (e.g., 4.3 x 10⁶ = 4 300 000)
- Negative power signifies a small number (e.g., 2.1 x 10⁻³ = 0.021)
Measuring Length
- Ancient instruments include: foot step, rope, hand span, and arm length
- Modern instruments include: ruler, measuring tape, screw gauge, and vernier caliper
- Rulers are suitable for measuring small distances, accurate to the nearest mm
- Tape measures are used for measuring distances of a few meters
- Trundle wheels are used for measuring even larger distances
Precision or Resolution
- The smallest unit a measuring instrument can measure.
- Can measure a sheet of paper by measuring multiple sheets and taking the average
Using Set Squares
- Set squares are used to align objects to improve accuracy of reading
- Measurements should be repeated by rotating the sphere
Avoiding Errors in Measurement
-
Parallax Error: Occurs when the eye is not perpendicular to the scale
-
Zero Error: Caused by an incorrect zero point position or instrument calibration
-
Ways to avoid error:
- Perpendicular eye position relative to the rule
- Using a different point on the ruler if the zero mark is worn
- Taking several readings and calculating the average
Measuring Volume
- Volume of a regular solid is measured in cubic meters (m³) or cubic centimeters (cm³)
- Use the formulas to calculate them
Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids
- Volume can be determined using displacement method
- By immersing the solid objects in a liquid and measuring the volume of fluid displaced.
- For small solids that sink, the volume is the difference between the final and initial liquid levels
- A similar principle can be used for solids that float, using a sinker to fully submerge them
Measuring Volume of Liquids
- Pour into a measuring cylinder
- Read the volume directly
- Cylinder should be on a flat surface
- Ensure any bubbles are removed
Measuring Time
- Instruments used to measure time include:
- Pendulum clock
- Wall clock
- Digital stopwatch
- Analog stopwatch
- Events that repeat at regular intervals or periods can be used to tell time
- Measured in hours (h), minutes (min), and seconds (s)
Simple Pendulum
- Period of a pendulum is the time taken for one complete oscillation
- One complete oscillation = complete to-and-fro motion
- Period is dependent on its length
- Pendulum clocks are calibrated by adjusting the length
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