Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of persuasion?
What is the primary goal of persuasion?
Which type of persuasive speech aims to stimulate an audience's existing position?
Which type of persuasive speech aims to stimulate an audience's existing position?
What does the University of Chicago's statement emphasize regarding debate?
What does the University of Chicago's statement emphasize regarding debate?
What does selective exposure refer to in persuasive speaking?
What does selective exposure refer to in persuasive speaking?
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Which bias is addressed by researching both sides of an argument?
Which bias is addressed by researching both sides of an argument?
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What should a speaker establish in their introduction during a persuasive speech?
What should a speaker establish in their introduction during a persuasive speech?
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In the Point-Counter-Point Speech round, what conclusion should the speaker reach?
In the Point-Counter-Point Speech round, what conclusion should the speaker reach?
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Which factor can result in a lack of diverse viewpoints in someone's information sources?
Which factor can result in a lack of diverse viewpoints in someone's information sources?
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What is the primary reason why individuals may resist facts that contradict their beliefs?
What is the primary reason why individuals may resist facts that contradict their beliefs?
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Which component of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs is associated with the requirement for belonging and social connection?
Which component of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs is associated with the requirement for belonging and social connection?
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Which persuasive appeal focuses primarily on logic and evidence?
Which persuasive appeal focuses primarily on logic and evidence?
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What does ‘framing’ or ‘word play’ in persuasive speaking refer to?
What does ‘framing’ or ‘word play’ in persuasive speaking refer to?
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What does the term 'refutation' mean in the context of persuasive speaking?
What does the term 'refutation' mean in the context of persuasive speaking?
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Which of the following is a fallacy where one attacks the person instead of the argument?
Which of the following is a fallacy where one attacks the person instead of the argument?
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What is the significance of having a depth of understanding in persuasive speaking?
What is the significance of having a depth of understanding in persuasive speaking?
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Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy relates to personal growth and fulfillment?
Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy relates to personal growth and fulfillment?
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What is the potential downside of arguing an unpopular position in a speech?
What is the potential downside of arguing an unpopular position in a speech?
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Which persuasive appeal is least commonly discussed in typical contexts?
Which persuasive appeal is least commonly discussed in typical contexts?
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What is the main purpose of persuasive speaking?
What is the main purpose of persuasive speaking?
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The purpose of an actuate speech is to stimulate an audience's existing beliefs.
The purpose of an actuate speech is to stimulate an audience's existing beliefs.
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What are the three types of persuasive speeches?
What are the three types of persuasive speeches?
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Confirmation Bias refers to individuals exposing themselves to only messages that they already ________.
Confirmation Bias refers to individuals exposing themselves to only messages that they already ________.
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Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
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What should a speaker provide to establish relevance in their introduction?
What should a speaker provide to establish relevance in their introduction?
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The University of Chicago's 2015 statement emphasizes the importance of only sharing widely accepted ideas.
The University of Chicago's 2015 statement emphasizes the importance of only sharing widely accepted ideas.
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Which persuasive appeal involves group identification and traditions?
Which persuasive appeal involves group identification and traditions?
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What is meant by 'self-imposed ignorance' in the context of information sources?
What is meant by 'self-imposed ignorance' in the context of information sources?
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In persuasive speaking, the ________ component on the Persuasion Continuum refers to strong agreement.
In persuasive speaking, the ________ component on the Persuasion Continuum refers to strong agreement.
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What is considered a common misunderstanding regarding popular opinion?
What is considered a common misunderstanding regarding popular opinion?
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What does the Point-Counter-Point Speech round help to address?
What does the Point-Counter-Point Speech round help to address?
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Framing refers to the influence of wording on our perception of choices.
Framing refers to the influence of wording on our perception of choices.
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Attitudes are defined as fundamental anchors of looking at the world.
Attitudes are defined as fundamental anchors of looking at the world.
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Name one of Maslow's basic human needs that must be considered when persuading an audience.
Name one of Maslow's basic human needs that must be considered when persuading an audience.
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The fallacy that suggests attacking the person rather than the argument is called __________.
The fallacy that suggests attacking the person rather than the argument is called __________.
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What must a speaker consider regarding their audience when making a persuasive speech?
What must a speaker consider regarding their audience when making a persuasive speech?
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Match the following components to their descriptions:
Match the following components to their descriptions:
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The type of reasoning that jumps to a conclusion based on one example is called __________.
The type of reasoning that jumps to a conclusion based on one example is called __________.
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What is a common method used to counter opposing arguments?
What is a common method used to counter opposing arguments?
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Study Notes
Persuasion
- Persuasion is a deliberate attempt by the speaker to create, reinforce or change the attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviors of the listener.
- There are 3 types of persuasive speeches:
- To convince (attempt to change audience's position)
- To stimulate (stimulate position the audience already has)
- To actuate (move audience to action)
The Point-Counter-Point Speech Round
- The point-counter-point speech round allows for learning on multiple levels.
- The speaker selects a topic and researches both sides of the issue, presenting arguments in support of both views, and determining which side holds more weight based on the evidence found.
- This type of speech addresses confirmation bias, virtue signaling, and exposes the target audience to varying views and arguments on a subject matter.
- In this round, the speaker must establish a credibility statement (explaining the topic selection) and provide a relevance statement for the target audience (why they should care).
Confirmation Bias & Selective Exposure
- Selective Exposure, previously known as Confirmation Bias, refers to individuals selectively exposing themselves solely to messages that align with their existing beliefs.
- This can lead to self-imposed ignorance, often resulting in individuals commenting based on limited and narrow knowledge.
- This can cause confusion and resistance when confronted with opposing facts or viewpoints.
Importance of Knowledge & Diverse Sources
- Knowledge is power, and obtaining diverse sources of information allows for a better understanding of the subject matter.
- Audiences may hold a strong position on a topic, but it is important to remember that the depth of this position is not necessarily based on knowledge level.
- Choosing unpopular subject matter can make it harder to influence the audience, but it can also lead to a more engaging and challenging speech.
Attitudes, Beliefs, Values, and Behavior
- Attitudes involve a predisposition to respond a certain way.
- Beliefs are convictions based on educational, cultural, and/or religious views.
- Values are fundamental anchors of looking at the world.
- Behavior is the end-result of these variables, shaping our actions and reactions.
Traditional Appeals to Persuasion
- Ethos (source credibility/character through audience identification) - builds trust and authority by demonstrating expertise and shared values with the audience.
- Logos (use of logic/evidence) - uses facts, statistics, and reasoning to support claims.
- Pathos (use of emotion) - appeals to the audience's emotions to create a connection and influence their feelings towards the topic.
- Mythos (group identification - i.e., patriotism, traditions, etc.,) - draws on shared values and cultural identity to connect with the audience.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs is crucial in understanding how to effectively persuade an audience.
- It involves identifying and utilizing the audience's needs, which consist of:
- Physiological (basic human needs for survival)
- Safety (feeling safe, secure)
- Social (being wanted, loved, part of a group)
- Self-Esteem (power, $, prestige)
- Self-Actualization (be all you can be)
Fallacies in Arguments or Faulty Arguments
- Avoid using fallacies in arguments. Common fallacies include:
- Hasty generalizations (reasoning from one example)
- Ad Hominem attacks (attacking the messenger instead of the message)
- Slippery Slope (A will lead to Z)
- Either-Or (only two alternatives exist)
- Appeal to Tradition (always been that way)
- Ad Populum (popular opinion makes it so)
Framing/Word Play
- The wording used can strongly influence how we perceive choices.
- Framing or word play reveals a speaker's frame of reference and biases (e.g., choice versus life, gun control versus gun safety).
Refutation
- Refutation involves answering opposing arguments.
- This involves presenting evidence, reasoning, and logical arguments to counter opposing viewpoints before they become established.
- It's a strategic way to combat opposing narratives and build a stronger argument.
Persuasion
- A deliberate attempt to influence attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors of the listener.
- Three types of persuasive speeches:
- To Convince: Change the audience's position.
- To Stimulate: Reinforce an existing position held by the audience.
- To Actuate: Inspire the audience to take action.
Point-Counter-Point Speech Round
- Focuses on research and presentation of arguments from both sides of an issue.
- Encourages exploration of varying perspectives.
- Combats confirmation bias by forcing the speaker to research both opposing viewpoints.
- Exposes virtue signaling by requiring the speaker to justify their stance based on research, not fear of reprisal.
- Audience is exposed to diverse perspectives and arguments.
Persuasion Continuum
- A scale measuring the strength of agreement with a particular viewpoint.
- Strong disagreement (-3) to strong agreement (+3).
- The depth of a person's position may not necessarily reflect their knowledge level.
Key Components of Persuasive Speech
- Establish credibility by explaining your reason for selecting the topic.
- Demonstrate relevance by explaining why your audience should care.
Self-Imposed Ignorance
- Individuals often limit themselves to a small number of information sources.
- This can lead to narrow views and resistance to information that contradicts their beliefs.
Knowledge is Power
- Broadening knowledge through diverse sources can enhance understanding.
- Engaging with different perspectives can be challenging but ultimately improves critical thinking.
Appeals to Persuasion
- Ethos: Source credibility and character through audience identification.
- Logos: Use of logic and evidence.
- Pathos: Use of emotion.
- Mythos: Group identification through shared values, traditions, etc.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
- Consider the needs of your target audience when crafting your persuasive message.
- Needs include:
- Physiological (basic survival needs).
- Safety (feeling secure).
- Social (belonging and love).
- Self-Esteem (status, accomplishment).
- Self-Actualization (achieving full potential).
Fallacies in Arguments
- Avoid faulty arguments:
- Hasty Generalizations: Drawing conclusions based on limited evidence.
- Ad Hominem Attacks: Attacking the person instead of the argument.
- Slippery Slope: Assuming that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
- Either-Or: Presenting only two alternatives when more exist.
- Appeal to Tradition: Assuming something is good because it's always been done that way.
- Ad Populum: Appealing to popular opinion to justify a claim.
Framing and Word Play
- The language used can significantly influence how an audience perceives a topic.
- Be mindful of the words chosen to present a topic.
- Framing can reveal a person's viewpoint and underlying assumptions.
Refutation
- Addressing opposing arguments can strengthen your persuasive message.
- Anticipate and counter potential objections before the opposition can establish their narrative firmly.
Attitudes, Beliefs, Values, and Behavior
- Attitude: A predisposition to respond in a certain way.
- Belief: Convictions based on educational, cultural, or religious views.
- Value: Fundamental principles that guide our world view.
- Behavior: The outcome of these variables, shaping our actions and reactions.
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Description
Explore the art of persuasion in public speaking, focusing on techniques to convince, stimulate, and actuate audiences. Learn how to effectively present both sides of an argument in a point-counter-point format, enhancing critical thinking and audience engagement. This quiz will test your understanding of persuasive strategies and their applications.
