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What role do follicles play in the ovary?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle do ovarian follicles grow due to FSH?
What is a potential reason for the absence of menses in reproductive-aged individuals?
At what stage do sex hormone production typically surge in individuals?
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Which hormones are primarily responsible for the control of the menstrual cycle?
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What happens to follicular maturation during pregnancy?
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What is the duration of the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle?
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Which hormones are synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary?
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What is a non-reproductive effect of estrogen?
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During which phase does ovulation occur?
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What happens to the functional layer of the endometrium during menstruation?
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What typically occurs in females during the first year of menstruation?
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Which phase spans the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle?
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What is the average length of the entire menstrual cycle?
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What triggers the activation of feedback loops in the menstrual cycle?
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Which event signifies the most fertile period during the menstrual cycle?
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What activity occurs in the fallopian tube during ovulation?
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What is NOT a phase of the menstrual cycle?
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What occurs at the end of the luteal phase if no implantation takes place?
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What is a primary cause of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
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Which of the following is NOT typically considered an imaging finding of PCOS?
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Which hormone is most closely associated with hyperandrogenism in PCOS?
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What component is elevated due to decreased sensitivity to insulin in PCOS?
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Which of the following symptoms is a manifestation of hyperandrogenism?
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Acanthosis nigricans is commonly associated with which condition?
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What percentage of individuals with PCOS are likely to experience hyperinsulinemia?
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What effect does high serum insulin have on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)?
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What is a common long-term consequence of PCOS?
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What role do lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria play in female reproductive health?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of the epididymis typically occurring in sexually active males?
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What is the primary infectious cause of orchitis in post-pubertal males?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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What is the most common type of male reproductive cancer affecting those aged 15-35?
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Which condition is characterized by a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra often caused by multiple catheters?
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What hormonal imbalance is primarily responsible for prolactin production in individuals experiencing galactorrhea?
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What occurs at low estrogen concentrations with regard to LH and FSH levels?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating testosterone secretion from Leydig cells?
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What is the correct sequence of spermatogenesis starting from spermatogonia?
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What type of feedback does estrogen produce at high concentrations?
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What is the primary cause of primary dysmenorrhea?
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How long does spermatogenesis take to mature from spermatogonia to spermatozoa?
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What role do Sertoli cells play in spermatogenesis?
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What is NOT a characteristic of male sex production compared to female sex production?
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What kind of feedback does testosterone exert on GnRH and LH secretion?
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What defines secondary dysmenorrhea?
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Study Notes
Ovary and Follicular Phase
- Ova are contained within follicles, which support their development.
- Follicular phase is the initial part of the menstrual cycle, driven by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- Absence of menstruation is a potential indicator of pregnancy, particularly in women aged 19 to menopause and adolescents aged 13 to 18. Irregular cycles are common in the first year of menstruation.
Hormonal Regulation
- Reproductive hormones vary in levels between males and females; females have lower testosterone, while males have lower estrogen levels.
- Major hormones include estrogen and progesterone, primarily produced in the ovaries, with cyclic production from puberty to menopause.
- Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) are released from the anterior pituitary and stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones.
- Estrogen influences non-reproductive health aspects, including bone density and cholesterol levels.
Menstrual Cycle Overview
- Menstrual cycle lasts approximately 28 days, divided into three phases:
- Follicular phase (first 14 days)
- Ovulation (crucial event, not a phase)
- Luteal phase (last 14 days)
- Menstruation occurs when the functional endometrium layer disintegrates.
Follicular Phase Details
- Lasts for about 14 days; women are most fertile just before and during ovulation (lasts 16-32 hours).
- Estrogen levels fluctuate during this phase, with low levels inhibiting FSH and LH, and rising levels stimulating their release.
Spermatogenesis Process
- Begins with GnRH from the hypothalamus, stimulating LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary.
- LH promotes testosterone production from Leydig cells in the testes.
- Testosterone stimulates the maturation of germ cells, progressing from spermatogonia to spermatozoa over 70-80 days.
- Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis and release inhibin, providing negative feedback on FSH.
Menstrual Abnormalities
- Dysmenorrhea may be primary (prostaglandin-related) or secondary (associated with underlying pathology).
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) can lead to irregular menstruation and is associated with insulin resistance.
- Common symptoms of PCOS include menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, and infertility.
Female Infections and Inflammation
- Vaginal environment is typically self-cleaning, with a lactobacillus-rich acidic pH that prevents infections.
- Epididymitis, often due to sexually transmitted bacteria, presents with scrotal pain and discharge.
Male Reproductive Issues
- Urethral stricture can cause urinary issues and may occur due to trauma.
- Conditions like phimosis, Peyronie disease, and priapism affect sexual function.
- Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency characterized by acute scrotal pain and swelling.
Cancers and Reproductive Health
- Breast cancer incidence is 1 in 8 in the U.S., with invasive ductal carcinoma being the most common type.
- Risk factors for breast cancer include genetics, age, and reproductive history.
- Testicular cancer is the most common among males aged 15-35, with high curability rates.
Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility
- Sexual dysfunction can stem from various factors, including reduced libido, anorgasmia, and erectile dysfunction (40% prevalence by age 40).
- Infertility affects about 10-15% of couples and involves both male and female factors.
Breast and Prolactin-Related Issues
- Galactorrhea is milk leakage unrelated to breastfeeding, often linked to pituitary or hormonal imbalances.
- Prolactin is regulated by dopamine and estrogen, affecting various bodily functions.
Benign Breast Masses
- Fibrocystic changes in breast tissue are common benign conditions, contrasting with cancerous transformations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the ovary and follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. This quiz covers hormonal regulation, the role of FSH, and the menstrual cycle's phases. Perfect for students learning reproductive biology.
