Nobel Prize

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary contribution of John Gurdon in the field of stem cell research?

Development of iPSCs from somatic cells.

Demonstration that egg cells can differentiate into any cell type. (correct)

Identification of pluripotency markers.

Creation of a genetic profile for iPSCs.

Which researcher is credited with the development of a method for generating stem cells from existing cells of the body?

John Gurdon

Prof. Pham Van Phuc

Shinya Yamanaka (correct)

Truong Nguyen Doan Vy

What is a key characteristic of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Limited differentiation potential.

Increased transgene expression.

Tightly packed colonies with clear borders. (correct)

Inability to model human diseases.

Which of the following is NOT a factor typically associated with the pluripotency of iPSCs?

Cytokine K Signup and view all the answers

What does the genetic profile of induced pluripotent stem cells indicate after reprogramming?

Downregulation of transgenes. Signup and view all the answers

Which application is associated with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Drug development and screening. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the differentiating capability of iPSCs?

They have extensive differentiation potential. Signup and view all the answers

In Shinya Yamanaka's methodology, how many factors are involved in generating iPSCs from MEF cultures?

24 factors Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main advantages of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)?

Reduced chances of immune rejection Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of iPSC technology?

Efficiency of reprogramming is generally low Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with iPSC?

Insertional mutagenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which application is not typically associated with induced pluripotent stem cells?

Cosmetic improvements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors makes iPSCs ethically preferable?

Elimination of ethical issues Signup and view all the answers

Tumorigenesis is a concern associated with which technology?

Induced pluripotent stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the low efficiency of reprogramming in iPSCs indicate?

Challenges in clinical applications Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'high-throughput screening of drugs' imply in the context of iPSCs?

A process for testing multiple drug candidates simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What was a key achievement recognized by the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

Creation of transgenic mice using embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with isolating embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?

Sir Martin J. Evans Signup and view all the answers

Which technique was developed to modify genes using homologous recombination?

Targeted gene modification Signup and view all the answers

What model does a knockout mouse serve in scientific research?

Model for obesity and related disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used to create transgenic mice from embryonic stem cells?

Homologous recombination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes transgenic mice?

Mice that have been genetically modified for research purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using embryonic stem cells in research?

They are easier to cultivate than adult stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a knockout mouse?

Lacks a specific gene that is normally present Signup and view all the answers

What role does MANF play in pancreatic β-cells according to recent research?

It regulates the unfolded protein response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies focuses on asthma severity and exacerbation?

A Nonmuscle Myosin Light Chain Kinase–Dependent Gene Signature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the research conducted by Dahan et al. in 2016?

Targeting the innate repair receptor for neuropathy treatment. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of models did Ohora investigate mechanisms related to osteoarthritis?

Aging and obesity models. Signup and view all the answers

What genetic manipulation technique is discussed in the context of dendritic cells?

Clec9a locus manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of P2X7 Knockout Mice?

To investigate immune response and neurologic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which knockout model is crucial for asthma research?

nmMLCK Knockout Mice Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of B-Common Receptor Knockout Mice?

Evaluation of nerve injury repair processes Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose are Caspase-2 Knockout Mice primarily used?

To study DNA damage response and cancer mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which research area does MANF Knockdown Mice contribute to?

Unfolded protein response in pancreatic β-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary application of Transforming Growth Factor-alpha Knockout Mice?

Researching effects of aging on joint health Signup and view all the answers

Which model is primarily used to study innate repair mechanisms after nerve injuries?

B-Common Receptor Knockout Mice Signup and view all the answers

Which knockout model investigates asthma severity signatures?

nmMLCK Knockout Mice Signup and view all the answers

What is one key challenge associated with the use of genetic modifications in dendritic cell research?

Maintaining the stability and expression of genetic modifications Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical consideration is raised by the use of embryonic stem cells in research?

The sourcing and treatment of human-derived materials Signup and view all the answers

What is a translational hurdle faced by findings from transgenic mice?

Difficulty in generalizing findings to human applications Signup and view all the answers

What notable impact did the discovery of using embryonic stem cells to create transgenic mice have on science?

It revolutionized science and understanding of human biology. Signup and view all the answers

What regulatory aspect does the use of transgenic mice involve?

Strict guidelines govern the research and use of transgenic models. Signup and view all the answers

What ongoing challenge is highlighted regarding transgenic mouse research?

The balance between scientific inquiry and ethical standards. Signup and view all the answers

What future possibility does research on transgenic mice and stem cells offer?

Advancements in medicine and disease treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is linked to genetic stability in the context of transgenic mice?

Ensuring long-term consistency of genetic traits. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nobel Prize 2012 for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
John Gurdon's research involved demonstrating that egg cells can be differentiated into any cell type through pluripotency.
Shinya Yamanaka developed a method for generating stem cells from existing cells of the body.
iPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells.

Characteristics of iPSCs

Morphology: Flat, cobblestone-like cells with a similar morphology to embryonic stem cells (ES cells). Tightly packed colonies with clear borders.
Pluripotency Markers: Elevated levels of pluripotency proteins (Oct4, Nanog, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81).
Differentiation Potential: iPSCs can differentiate into all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
Epigenetic Profile: Specific DNA methylation patterns for lineage-committed genes and demethylation of key pluripotency genes like Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog.
Genetic Profile: Diploid karyotype and downregulation of transgenes after reprogramming.

Generating iPSCs

G418-sensitive cells are reprogrammed into iPSCs using a retroviral vector carrying the Fbxo15 gene.
G418-resistant cells survive the treatment due to the expression of Fbxo15.
Four core factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) are used in the process.
The process mimics similar conditions to generate stem cells from embryonic cells.

Applications of iPSCs

Modeling Human Diseases: iPSCs can be used to model human diseases.
Drug Development and Screening: iPSCs can be used to screen for drug toxicity.
Individualized Regenerative Cell Therapy: iPSCs can be used to generate customized cells for therapy.

Potential and Limitations of iPSCs

Advantages: Eliminates ethical issues, reduces immune rejection risks, allows for high-throughput drug screening.
Disadvantages: Low efficiency of reprogramming, risk of tumorigenesis, and insertional mutagenesis.

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Description

This quiz covers the significant contributions of John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka in the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Learn about the characteristics, morphology, and differentiation potential of iPSCs that resemble embryonic stem cells. Test your knowledge of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded for this groundbreaking research.