Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the ACE model stand for in the context of trait development?
What does the ACE model stand for in the context of trait development?
How do gene-environment interactions contribute to an individual's development?
How do gene-environment interactions contribute to an individual's development?
What is a major effect of deprivation on development, according to the content?
What is a major effect of deprivation on development, according to the content?
What does the Standard Social Science Model primarily focus on?
What does the Standard Social Science Model primarily focus on?
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According to the information, what is the relationship between family wealth and academic achievement?
According to the information, what is the relationship between family wealth and academic achievement?
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In the context of personality dynamics, what does short-term mean?
In the context of personality dynamics, what does short-term mean?
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Which of the following best describes characteristic adaptations in the Five Factor Theory?
Which of the following best describes characteristic adaptations in the Five Factor Theory?
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What distinguishes shared environments from non-shared environments in personality development?
What distinguishes shared environments from non-shared environments in personality development?
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Study Notes
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to genetic factors.
- Nurture refers to environmental factors.
- Both nature and nurture influence trait development (behavior, emotions, attitudes).
Understanding Environmental Influences
- Environments significantly impact trait development.
- Manipulating environmental influences on traits is not always reliable.
ACE Model
- A (Additive Genetic Variance): The contribution of genes to trait development.
- C (Common Environment Variance): Shared environmental influences (e.g., family, parenting) on trait development.
- E (Environmental Variance): Unique environmental factors (e.g., social experiences) and measurement errors influence trait development.
Standard Social Science Model
- Primarily focuses on environmental causes and outcomes for psychological traits.
- Critically, genetics also impact both causes and outcomes, creating confounds between exposures and outcomes.
Environment's Contributions to Development
- Deprivation significantly hinders development, impacting material and social resources and potentially increasing exposure to stressors.
- Socioeconomic differences correlate with academic achievement; wealthier families often have better educational outcomes. Pre-existing IQ is also a crucial factor.
- Experiential influence on traits has limited proven evidence; confounding factors exist (like in daycare causing more aggressive behavior).
Active Role in Development
- Gene-environment interactions: Genes affect how individuals choose their environment.
- Example: Higher IQ contributes to pursuing higher education.
- Example: More extroverted individuals seek more social interactions.
- Gene-environment correlations: Genes and environments are intertwined and passed on through generations.
Personality Dynamics
- Short-term personality fluctuations are observed.
- Long-term changes in personality are also seen (both normative and unique to individuals) with a notable emphasis on stability.
Five Factor Theory
- Personality is composed of:
- Basic Tendencies (Genetics): Innate traits rooted in genetics.
- Characteristic Adaptations (Environment): Traits developed through adaptations to the environment.
Shared vs. Non-shared Environments
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Shared Environments: (e.g., parenting styles)
- Testing shared environments: Studies examine the impact of shared experiences, particularly in twins raised together.
- Parenting: Parenting plays a role but its complete effect isn't huge.
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Description
Explore the ongoing debate between genetic and environmental influences on trait development. This quiz examines key concepts such as the ACE Model, the Standard Social Science Model, and the contributions of various environments to psychological traits.
