Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these phenomena were observable before the invention of telescopes?
Which of these phenomena were observable before the invention of telescopes?
- Lunar eclipses
- Phases of the Moon
- Rising and setting of the Sun
- All of the above (correct)
What is the name for a primitive version of a sundial used by ancient civilizations?
What is the name for a primitive version of a sundial used by ancient civilizations?
- Quadrant
- Gnomon (correct)
- Chronometer
- Astrolabe
In which direction does the sun appear to rise?
In which direction does the sun appear to rise?
- South
- North
- West
- East (correct)
Approximately how long does it take the moon to complete one cycle of phases?
Approximately how long does it take the moon to complete one cycle of phases?
What is another term for 'moon'?
What is another term for 'moon'?
During which lunar phase is the illuminated side of the moon increasing?
During which lunar phase is the illuminated side of the moon increasing?
What is the phase of the moon when it passes completely into Earth's shadow, during a lunar eclipse?
What is the phase of the moon when it passes completely into Earth's shadow, during a lunar eclipse?
What three celestial bodies align to produce a lunar eclipse?
What three celestial bodies align to produce a lunar eclipse?
What causes a solar eclipse?
What causes a solar eclipse?
What is the daily motion of celestial objects from east to west called?
What is the daily motion of celestial objects from east to west called?
What is the apparent yearly movement of the stars observed from Earth called?
What is the apparent yearly movement of the stars observed from Earth called?
During which month does Autumnal Equinox occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
During which month does Autumnal Equinox occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
What is the name of the point where the Sun intersects the celestial equator?
What is the name of the point where the Sun intersects the celestial equator?
The _______ of the equinoxes is the motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic.
The _______ of the equinoxes is the motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic.
What is the name of the star that Earth's North Pole currently points to?
What is the name of the star that Earth's North Pole currently points to?
What does the ancient Greek word 'Planetes' mean?
What does the ancient Greek word 'Planetes' mean?
Which of these planets was observable before the invention of the telescope?
Which of these planets was observable before the invention of the telescope?
Which astronomer made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies?
Which astronomer made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies?
Who was Tycho Brahe's assistant?
Who was Tycho Brahe's assistant?
What did Kepler use to formulate his laws of planetary motion?
What did Kepler use to formulate his laws of planetary motion?
What shape did Kepler determine the orbits of planets to be?
What shape did Kepler determine the orbits of planets to be?
What is the relationship between a planet's speed and its distance from the Sun, according to Kepler?
What is the relationship between a planet's speed and its distance from the Sun, according to Kepler?
What does Kepler's Law of Equal Areas state?
What does Kepler's Law of Equal Areas state?
What does Kepler's Law of Harmonies relate?
What does Kepler's Law of Harmonies relate?
Which astronomical phenomenon involves the Earth, Moon and Sun?
Which astronomical phenomenon involves the Earth, Moon and Sun?
What instrument did the Babylonians and Egyptians use as a primitive time-telling device?
What instrument did the Babylonians and Egyptians use as a primitive time-telling device?
What causes the phases of the Moon?
What causes the phases of the Moon?
What general term describes the movement of celestial objects?
What general term describes the movement of celestial objects?
What is the movement of equinoxes called?
What is the movement of equinoxes called?
Which of the following planets can be seen with the naked eye?
Which of the following planets can be seen with the naked eye?
Which scientist is known for his three laws of planetary motion?
Which scientist is known for his three laws of planetary motion?
Kepler’s laws are based on the meticulous observations and data collection of which scientist?
Kepler’s laws are based on the meticulous observations and data collection of which scientist?
Which of these laws is not among Kepler's laws of planetary motion?
Which of these laws is not among Kepler's laws of planetary motion?
What is the shape of planetary orbits according to Kepler's first law?
What is the shape of planetary orbits according to Kepler's first law?
In Kepler's first lay, what occupies one of foci of the ellipse?
In Kepler's first lay, what occupies one of foci of the ellipse?
Johannes Kepler discovered that planets do what as they orbit?
Johannes Kepler discovered that planets do what as they orbit?
Where in its orbit does the planet travel the fastest?
Where in its orbit does the planet travel the fastest?
What are Kepler’s main interests?
What are Kepler’s main interests?
When does a lunar eclipse occur?
When does a lunar eclipse occur?
Which motion of earth causes day and night?
Which motion of earth causes day and night?
Which of these does a gnomon help observe?
Which of these does a gnomon help observe?
Half of the moon is lighted by daylight and half is in ______.
Half of the moon is lighted by daylight and half is in ______.
The term waning comes from the Old English word 'wanian' which means:
The term waning comes from the Old English word 'wanian' which means:
Flashcards
Rising and Setting of the Sun
Rising and Setting of the Sun
The daily appearance of the Sun rising in the east and setting in the west due to Earth's rotation.
Phases of the Moon
Phases of the Moon
The different shapes of the Moon as seen from Earth, caused by varying amounts of the sunlit surface being visible.
Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and Moon, causing the Moon to darken.
Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
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Daily and Annual Motion of Stars
Daily and Annual Motion of Stars
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Sundial
Sundial
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Gnomon
Gnomon
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Moon
Moon
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Waxing (Moon)
Waxing (Moon)
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Waning (Moon)
Waning (Moon)
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New Moon
New Moon
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Full Moon
Full Moon
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Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
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Diurnal Motion
Diurnal Motion
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Annual Motion
Annual Motion
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Precession of the Equinoxes
Precession of the Equinoxes
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Planets (Pre-Telescope)
Planets (Pre-Telescope)
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Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler
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Law of Ellipses
Law of Ellipses
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Law of Equal Areas
Law of Equal Areas
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Law of Harmonies
Law of Harmonies
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Study Notes
- Examples of astronomical phenomena are visible without telescopes
Rising and Setting of the Sun
- Recorded sunrise and sunset times throughout the year can be tracked.
- Sundials were used to measure time by tracking the sun's shadow.
- A gnomon is a primitive sundial version which was used in Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations.
- Shadows cast by a gnomon allowed observations of the sun rising in the east, reaching it's peak at midday, and setting in the west.
Phases of the Moon
- A moon, also known as a satellite, orbits around a planet.
- Half of the moon is always lit by sunlight, while the other half is in shadow, similarly to Earth.
- It takes the moon 29.5 days to complete a cycle of phases, from full moon to full moon.
- When the moon starts to move around Earth, the illuminated side becomes more visible, called waxing.
- The word "waning" comes from the Old English word "wanian," meaning to become smaller or gradually fade.
- The eight phases of the moon are new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent.
Lunar Eclipse
- The lining up of the Earth, Moon and Sun causes a lunar eclipse.
- This happens when the Moon passes into Earth's shadow.
Solar Eclipse
- A solar eclipse happens when the Moon shadow is cast on Earth.
- Sunlight rays taper, creating an umbra and a penumbra due to the sun's size.
Differences Between Lunar and Solar Eclipses
- Lunar Eclipse:
- The moon passes through the Earth's shadow
- Happens during a full moon
- Happens about twice every year
- Lasts about an hour
- Solar Eclipse:
- The sun's light is blocked by the Moon
- Occurs during a new moon
- Occurs about twice every three years
- Lasts a few minutes
- How They Are Alike:
- Require the movement of one space object into the shadow of another
Daily and Annual Motion of the Stars
- Movements of celestial bodies include diurnal motion, annual motion, and precession of the equinoxes.
Diurnal Motion
- Diurnal motion is the apparent daily revolution of the celestial sphere around the celestial poles.
- This occurs because of Earth's rotation on its axis.
- Celestial bodies viewed from Earth appear to move from east to west.
Annual Motion
- Annual motion is the apparent yearly movement of the stars.
- These movements are observed from the Earth, and is a direct effect of the Earth's revolution around the sun.
Precession of the Equinoxes
- As the sun revolves around the ecliptic, it intersects the celestial equator twice during a year at two points.
- These points are called the vernal and autumnal equinoxes.
- Vernal equinox occurs in March in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Autumnal equinox occurs in September in the Northern Hemisphere.
- The length of daytime is almost equal to the length of nighttime during an equinox.
- Precession of the equinoxes is the apparent motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic as Earth 'wobbles.'
- This motion happens about every 26,000 years.
- Earth’s North Pole currently points to Polaris, but will eventually point to Vega because of precession.
Planets Discovered Before Telescopes
- The word planets come from the greek word "Planetes," planetes means wanderer.
- Planets that can be seen without a telescope include Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Tycho Brahe
- Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer and nobleman.
- He made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies.
- Brahe was able to invent different astronomical instruments with the help of his assistants.
- Brahe made an extensive study of the solar system.
Johannes Kepler
- Johannes Kepler was an assistant of Tycho Brahe.
- Kepler theorized that there must be a force from the Sun that moves the planets.
- Kepler concluded this force would explain the orbit of Mars and Earth.
- All the planets move fastest when nearest to the Sun and move slowest when farthest from the Sun.
- All Brahe's writings and instruments were passed to Kepler after his death and Kepler was able to formulate his laws of planetary motion that are; the law of ellipses, the law of equal areas, and the law of harmonies.
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
- The Law of Ellipses:
- Planets' paths are elliptical and not circular.
- The sun is at one focus of the ellipse.
- The Law of Equal Areas:
- An imaginary line will sweep out an equal area of space in equal time intervals when drawn from the center of the Sun to the center of a planet.
- The Law of Harmonies:
- The ratio of the squares of the periods of two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of the average distances of these two planets from the Sun.
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Description
Explore astronomical phenomena visible without telescopes, like sunrise/sunset tracking and moon phases. Learn how ancient civilizations used sundials. Understand lunar cycles, waxing/waning, and the moon's phases.
